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Encode::Locale(3)                    User Contributed Perl Documentation                   Encode::Locale(3)



NAME
       Encode::Locale - Determine the locale encoding

SYNOPSIS
         use Encode::Locale;
         use Encode;

         $string = decode(locale => $bytes);
         $bytes = encode(locale => $string);

         if (-t) {
             binmode(STDIN, ":encoding(console_in)");
             binmode(STDOUT, ":encoding(console_out)");
             binmode(STDERR, ":encoding(console_out)");
         }

         # Processing file names passed in as arguments
         my $uni_filename = decode(locale => $ARGV[0]);
         open(my $fh, "<", encode(locale_fs => $uni_filename))
            || die "Can't open '$uni_filename': $!";
         binmode($fh, ":encoding(locale)");
         ...

DESCRIPTION
       In many applications it's wise to let Perl use Unicode for the strings it processes.  Most of the
       interfaces Perl has to the outside world are still byte based.  Programs therefore need to decode
       byte strings that enter the program from the outside and encode them again on the way out.

       The POSIX locale system is used to specify both the language conventions requested by the user and
       the preferred character set to consume and output.  The "Encode::Locale" module looks up the charset
       and encoding (called a CODESET in the locale jargon) and arranges for the Encode module to know this
       encoding under the name "locale".  It means bytes obtained from the environment can be converted to
       Unicode strings by calling "Encode::encode(locale => $bytes)" and converted back again with
       "Encode::decode(locale => $string)".

       Where file systems interfaces pass file names in and out of the program we also need care.  The trend
       is for operating systems to use a fixed file encoding that don't actually depend on the locale; and
       this module determines the most appropriate encoding for file names. The Encode module will know this
       encoding under the name "locale_fs".  For traditional Unix systems this will be an alias to the same
       encoding as "locale".

       For programs running in a terminal window (called a "Console" on some systems) the "locale" encoding
       is usually a good choice for what to expect as input and output.  Some systems allows us to query the
       encoding set for the terminal and "Encode::Locale" will do that if available and make these encodings
       known under the "Encode" aliases "console_in" and "console_out".  For systems where we can't
       determine the terminal encoding these will be aliased as the same encoding as "locale".  The advice
       is to use "console_in" for input known to come from the terminal and "console_out" for output known
       to go from the terminal.

       In addition to arranging for various Encode aliases the following functions and variables are
       provided:

       decode_argv( )
       decode_argv( Encode::FB_CROAK )
           This will decode the command line arguments to perl (the @ARGV array) in-place.

           The function will by default replace characters that can't be decoded by "\x{FFFD}", the Unicode
           replacement character.

           Any argument provided is passed as CHECK to underlying Encode::decode() call.  Pass the value
           "Encode::FB_CROAK" to have the decoding croak if not all the command line arguments can be
           decoded.  See "Handling Malformed Data" in Encode for details on other options for CHECK.

       env( $uni_key )
       env( $uni_key => $uni_value )
           Interface to get/set environment variables.  Returns the current value as a Unicode string. The
           $uni_key and $uni_value arguments are expected to be Unicode strings as well.  Passing "undef" as
           $uni_value deletes the environment variable named $uni_key.

           The returned value will have the characters that can't be decoded replaced by "\x{FFFD}", the
           Unicode replacement character.

           There is no interface to request alternative CHECK behavior as for decode_argv().  If you need
           that you need to call encode/decode yourself.  For example:

               my $key = Encode::encode(locale => $uni_key, Encode::FB_CROAK);
               my $uni_value = Encode::decode(locale => $ENV{$key}, Encode::FB_CROAK);

       reinit( )
       reinit( $encoding )
           Reinitialize the encodings from the locale.  You want to call this function if you changed
           anything in the environment that might influence the locale.

           This function will croak if the determined encoding isn't recognized by the Encode module.

           With argument force $ENCODING_... variables to set to the given value.

       $ENCODING_LOCALE
           The encoding name determined to be suitable for the current locale.  Encode know this encoding as
           "locale".

       $ENCODING_LOCALE_FS
           The encoding name determined to be suiteable for file system interfaces involving file names.
           Encode know this encoding as "locale_fs".

       $ENCODING_CONSOLE_IN
       $ENCODING_CONSOLE_OUT
           The encodings to be used for reading and writing output to the a console.  Encode know these
           encodings as "console_in" and "console_out".

NOTES
       This table summarizes the mapping of the encodings set up by the "Encode::Locale" module:

         Encode      |         |              |
         Alias       | Windows | Mac OS X     | POSIX
         ------------+---------+--------------+------------locale ------------+---------+--------------+-----------locale
         locale      | ANSI    | nl_langinfo  | nl_langinfo
         locale_fs   | ANSI    | UTF-8        | nl_langinfo
         console_in  | OEM     | nl_langinfo  | nl_langinfo
         console_out | OEM     | nl_langinfo  | nl_langinfo

   Windows
       Windows has basically 2 sets of APIs.  A wide API (based on passing UTF-16 strings) and a byte based
       API based a character set called ANSI.  The regular Perl interfaces to the OS currently only uses the
       ANSI APIs.  Unfortunately ANSI is not a single character set.

       The encoding that corresponds to ANSI varies between different editions of Windows.  For many western
       editions of Windows ANSI corresponds to CP-1252 which is a character set similar to ISO-8859-1.
       Conceptually the ANSI character set is a similar concept to the POSIX locale CODESET so this module
       figures out what the ANSI code page is and make this available as $ENCODING_LOCALE and the "locale"
       Encoding alias.

       Windows systems also operate with another byte based character set.  It's called the OEM code page.
       This is the encoding that the Console takes as input and output.  It's common for the OEM code page
       to differ from the ANSI code page.

   Mac OS X
       On Mac OS X the file system encoding is always UTF-8 while the locale can otherwise be set up as
       normal for POSIX systems.

       File names on Mac OS X will at the OS-level be converted to NFD-form.  A file created by passing a
       NFC-filename will come in NFD-form from readdir().  See Unicode::Normalize for details of NFD/NFC.

       Actually, Apple does not follow the Unicode NFD standard since not all character ranges are
       decomposed.  The claim is that this avoids problems with round trip conversions from old Mac text
       encodings.  See Encode::UTF8Mac for details.

   POSIX (Linux and other Unixes)
       File systems might vary in what encoding is to be used for filenames.  Since this module has no way
       to actually figure out what the is correct it goes with the best guess which is to assume filenames
       are encoding according to the current locale.  Users are advised to always specify UTF-8 as the
       locale charset.

SEE ALSO
       I18N::Langinfo, Encode

AUTHOR
       Copyright 2010 Gisle Aas <gisle@aas.no>.

       This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl
       itself.



perl v5.16.2                                     2012-02-11                                Encode::Locale(3)