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Try::Tiny(3)                         User Contributed Perl Documentation                        Try::Tiny(3)



NAME
       Try::Tiny - minimal try/catch with proper localization of $@

SYNOPSIS
       You can use Try::Tiny's "try" and "catch" to expect and handle exceptional conditions, avoiding
       quirks in Perl and common mistakes:

               # handle errors with a catch handler
               try {
                       die "foo";
               } catch {
                       warn "caught error: $_"; # not $@
               };

       You can also use it like a stanalone "eval" to catch and ignore any error conditions.  Obviously,
       this is an extreme measure not to be undertaken lightly:

               # just silence errors
               try {
                       die "foo";
               };

DESCRIPTION
       This module provides bare bones "try"/"catch"/"finally" statements that are designed to minimize
       common mistakes with eval blocks, and NOTHING else.

       This is unlike TryCatch which provides a nice syntax and avoids adding another call stack layer, and
       supports calling "return" from the try block to return from the parent subroutine. These extra
       features come at a cost of a few dependencies, namely Devel::Declare and Scope::Upper which are
       occasionally problematic, and the additional catch filtering uses Moose type constraints which may
       not be desirable either.

       The main focus of this module is to provide simple and reliable error handling for those having a
       hard time installing TryCatch, but who still want to write correct "eval" blocks without 5 lines of
       boilerplate each time.

       It's designed to work as correctly as possible in light of the various pathological edge cases (see
       BACKGROUND) and to be compatible with any style of error values (simple strings, references, objects,
       overloaded objects, etc).

       If the try block dies, it returns the value of the last statement executed in the catch block, if
       there is one. Otherwise, it returns "undef" in scalar context or the empty list in list context. The
       following two examples both assign "bar" to $x.

               my $x = try { die "foo" } catch { "bar" };

               my $x = eval { die "foo" } || "bar";

       You can add finally blocks making the following true.

               my $x;
               try { die 'foo' } finally { $x = 'bar' };
               try { die 'foo' } catch { warn "Got a die: $_" } finally { $x = 'bar' };

       Finally blocks are always executed making them suitable for cleanup code which cannot be handled
       using local.  You can add as many finally blocks to a given try block as you like.

EXPORTS
       All functions are exported by default using Exporter.

       If you need to rename the "try", "catch" or "finally" keyword consider using Sub::Import to get
       Sub::Exporter's flexibility.

       try (&;@)
           Takes one mandatory try subroutine, an optional catch subroutine & finally subroutine.

           The mandatory subroutine is evaluated in the context of an "eval" block.

           If no error occurred the value from the first block is returned, preserving list/scalar context.

           If there was an error and the second subroutine was given it will be invoked with the error in $_
           (localized) and as that block's first and only argument.

           $@ does not contain the error. Inside the "catch" block it has the same value it had before the
           "try" block was executed.

           Note that the error may be false, but if that happens the "catch" block will still be invoked.

           Once all execution is finished then the finally block if given will execute.

       catch (&;$)
           Intended to be used in the second argument position of "try".

           Returns a reference to the subroutine it was given but blessed as "Try::Tiny::Catch" which allows
           try to decode correctly what to do with this code reference.

                   catch { ... }

           Inside the catch block the caught error is stored in $_, while previous value of $@ is still
           available for use.  This value may or may not be meaningful depending on what happened before the
           "try", but it might be a good idea to preserve it in an error stack.

           For code that captures $@ when throwing new errors (i.e.  Class::Throwable), you'll need to do:

                   local $@ = $_;

       finally (&;$)
             try     { ... }
             catch   { ... }
             finally { ... };

           Or

             try     { ... }
             finally { ... };

           Or even

             try     { ... }
             finally { ... }
             catch   { ... };

           Intended to be the second or third element of "try". Finally blocks are always executed in the
           event of a successful "try" or if "catch" is run. This allows you to locate cleanup code which
           cannot be done via "local()" e.g. closing a file handle.

           When invoked, the finally block is passed the error that was caught.  If no error was caught, it
           is passed nothing.  (Note that the finally block does not localize $_ with the error, since
           unlike in a catch block, there is no way to know if "$_ == undef" implies that there were no
           errors.) In other words, the following code does just what you would expect:

             try {
               die_sometimes();
             } catch {
               # ...code run in case of error
             } finally {
               if (@_) {
                 print "The try block died with: @_\n";
               } else {
                 print "The try block ran without error.\n";
               }
             };

           You must always do your own error handling in the finally block. "Try::Tiny" will not do anything
           about handling possible errors coming from code located in these blocks.

           In the same way "catch()" blesses the code reference this subroutine does the same except it
           bless them as "Try::Tiny::Finally".

BACKGROUND
       There are a number of issues with "eval".

   Clobbering $@
       When you run an eval block and it succeeds, $@ will be cleared, potentially clobbering an error that
       is currently being caught.

       This causes action at a distance, clearing previous errors your caller may have not yet handled.

       $@ must be properly localized before invoking "eval" in order to avoid this issue.

       More specifically, $@ is clobbered at the beginning of the "eval", which also makes it impossible to
       capture the previous error before you die (for instance when making exception objects with error
       stacks).

       For this reason "try" will actually set $@ to its previous value (before the localization) in the
       beginning of the "eval" block.

   Localizing $@ silently masks errors
       Inside an eval block "die" behaves sort of like:

               sub die {
                       $@ = $_[0];
                       return_undef_from_eval();
               }

       This means that if you were polite and localized $@ you can't die in that scope, or your error will
       be discarded (printing "Something's wrong" instead).

       The workaround is very ugly:

               my $error = do {
                       local $@;
                       eval { ... };
                       $@;
               };

               ...
               die $error;

   $@ might not be a true value
       This code is wrong:

               if ( $@ ) {
                       ...
               }

       because due to the previous caveats it may have been unset.

       $@ could also be an overloaded error object that evaluates to false, but that's asking for trouble
       anyway.

       The classic failure mode is:

               sub Object::DESTROY {
                       eval { ... }
               }

               eval {
                       my $obj = Object->new;

                       die "foo";
               };

               if ( $@ ) {

               }

       In this case since "Object::DESTROY" is not localizing $@ but still uses "eval", it will set $@ to
       "".

       The destructor is called when the stack is unwound, after "die" sets $@ to "foo at Foo.pm line 42\n",
       so by the time "if ( $@ )" is evaluated it has been cleared by "eval" in the destructor.

       The workaround for this is even uglier than the previous ones. Even though we can't save the value of
       $@ from code that doesn't localize, we can at least be sure the eval was aborted due to an error:

               my $failed = not eval {
                       ...

                       return 1;
               };

       This is because an "eval" that caught a "die" will always return a false value.

SHINY SYNTAX
       Using Perl 5.10 you can use "Switch statements" in perlsyn.

       The "catch" block is invoked in a topicalizer context (like a "given" block), but note that you can't
       return a useful value from "catch" using the "when" blocks without an explicit "return".

       This is somewhat similar to Perl 6's "CATCH" blocks. You can use it to concisely match errors:

               try {
                       require Foo;
               } catch {
                       when (/^Can't locate .*?\.pm in \@INC/) { } # ignore
                       default { die $_ }
               };

CAVEATS
       •   @_ is not available within the "try" block, so you need to copy your arglist. In case you want to
           work with argument values directly via @_ aliasing (i.e. allow "$_[1] = "foo""), you need to pass
           @_ by reference:

                   sub foo {
                           my ( $self, @args ) = @_;
                           try { $self->bar(@args) }
                   }

           or

                   sub bar_in_place {
                           my $self = shift;
                           my $args = \@_;
                           try { $_ = $self->bar($_) for @$args }
                   }

       •   "return" returns from the "try" block, not from the parent sub (note that this is also how "eval"
           works, but not how TryCatch works):

             sub parent_sub {
                 try {
                     die;
                 }
                 catch {
                     return;
                 };

                 say "this text WILL be displayed, even though an exception is thrown";
             }

           Instead, you should capture the return value:

             sub parent_sub {
                 my $success = try {
                     die;
                     1;
                 }
                 return unless $success;

                 say "This text WILL NEVER appear!";
             }

           Note that if you have a catch block, it must return undef for this to work, since if a catch
           block exists, its return value is returned in place of undef when an exception is thrown.

       •   "try" introduces another caller stack frame. Sub::Uplevel is not used. Carp will not report this
           when using full stack traces, though, because %Carp::Internal is used. This lack of magic is
           considered a feature.

       •   The value of $_ in the "catch" block is not guaranteed to be the value of the exception thrown
           ($@) in the "try" block.  There is no safe way to ensure this, since "eval" may be used
           unhygenically in destructors.  The only guarantee is that the "catch" will be called if an
           exception is thrown.

       •   The return value of the "catch" block is not ignored, so if testing the result of the expression
           for truth on success, be sure to return a false value from the "catch" block:

                   my $obj = try {
                           MightFail->new;
                   } catch {
                           ...

                           return; # avoid returning a true value;
                   };

                   return unless $obj;

       •   $SIG{__DIE__} is still in effect.

           Though it can be argued that $SIG{__DIE__} should be disabled inside of "eval" blocks, since it
           isn't people have grown to rely on it. Therefore in the interests of compatibility, "try" does
           not disable $SIG{__DIE__} for the scope of the error throwing code.

       •   Lexical $_ may override the one set by "catch".

           For example Perl 5.10's "given" form uses a lexical $_, creating some confusing behavior:

                   given ($foo) {
                           when (...) {
                                   try {
                                           ...
                                   } catch {
                                           warn $_; # will print $foo, not the error
                                           warn $_[0]; # instead, get the error like this
                                   }
                           }
                   }

SEE ALSO
       TryCatch
           Much more feature complete, more convenient semantics, but at the cost of implementation
           complexity.

       autodie
           Automatic error throwing for builtin functions and more. Also designed to work well with
           "given"/"when".

       Throwable
           A lightweight role for rolling your own exception classes.

       Error
           Exception object implementation with a "try" statement. Does not localize $@.

       Exception::Class::TryCatch
           Provides a "catch" statement, but properly calling "eval" is your responsibility.

           The "try" keyword pushes $@ onto an error stack, avoiding some of the issues with $@, but you
           still need to localize to prevent clobbering.

LIGHTNING TALK
       I gave a lightning talk about this module, you can see the slides (Firefox only):

       <http://nothingmuch.woobling.org/talks/takahashi.xul?data=yapc_asia_2009/try_tiny.txt>

       Or read the source:

       <http://nothingmuch.woobling.org/talks/yapc_asia_2009/try_tiny.yml>

VERSION CONTROL
       http://github.com/nothingmuch/try-tiny/ <http://github.com/nothingmuch/try-tiny/>

AUTHOR
       Yuval Kogman <nothingmuch@woobling.org>

COPYRIGHT
               Copyright (c) 2009 Yuval Kogman. All rights reserved.
               This program is free software; you can redistribute
               it and/or modify it under the terms of the MIT license.



perl v5.16.2                                     2011-08-30                                     Try::Tiny(3)