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java.util.concurrent
Class CopyOnWriteArrayList<E>

java.lang.Object
  java.util.concurrent.CopyOnWriteArrayList<E>

Type Parameters:

E - the type of elements held in this collection

All Implemented Interfaces:

Serializable, Cloneable, Iterable<E>, Collection<E>, List<E>, RandomAccess

public class CopyOnWriteArrayList<E>
extends Object
implements List<E>, RandomAccess, Cloneable, Serializable

A thread-safe variant of ArrayList in which all mutative operations (add, set, and so on) are implemented by making a fresh copy of the underlying array.

This is ordinarily too costly, but may be more efficient than alternatives when traversal operations vastly outnumber mutations, and is useful when you cannot or don't want to synchronize traversals, yet need to preclude interference among concurrent threads. The "snapshot" style iterator method uses a reference to the state of the array at the point that the iterator was created. This array never changes during the lifetime of the iterator, so interference is impossible and the iterator is guaranteed not to throw ConcurrentModificationException. The iterator will not reflect additions, removals, or changes to the list since the iterator was created. Element-changing operations on iterators themselves (remove, set, and add) are not supported. These methods throw UnsupportedOperationException.

All elements are permitted, including null.

Memory consistency effects: As with other concurrent collections, actions in a thread prior to placing an object into a CopyOnWriteArrayList happen-before actions subsequent to the access or removal of that element from the CopyOnWriteArrayList in another thread.

This class is a member of the Java Collections Framework.

Since:

1.5

See Also:

Serialized Form

Constructor Summary

CopyOnWriteArrayList()
Creates an empty list.

CopyOnWriteArrayList(Collection<? extends E> c)
Creates a list containing the elements of the specified collection, in the order they are returned by the collection's iterator.

CopyOnWriteArrayList(E[] toCopyIn)
Creates a list holding a copy of the given array.

Method Summary

boolean	add(E e) Appends the specified element to the end of this list.
void	add(int index, E element) Inserts the specified element at the specified position in this list.
boolean	addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) Appends all of the elements in the specified collection to the end of this list, in the order that they are returned by the specified collection's iterator.
boolean	addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c) Inserts all of the elements in the specified collection into this list, starting at the specified position.
int	addAllAbsent(Collection<? extends E> c) Appends all of the elements in the specified collection that are not already contained in this list, to the end of this list, in the order that they are returned by the specified collection's iterator.
boolean	addIfAbsent(E e) Append the element if not present.
void	clear() Removes all of the elements from this list.
Object	clone() Returns a shallow copy of this list.
boolean	contains(Object o) Returns true if this list contains the specified element.
boolean	containsAll(Collection<?> c) Returns true if this list contains all of the elements of the specified collection.
boolean	equals(Object o) Compares the specified object with this list for equality.
E	get(int index) Returns the element at the specified position in this list.
int	hashCode() Returns the hash code value for this list.
int	indexOf(E e, int index) Returns the index of the first occurrence of the specified element in this list, searching forwards from index, or returns -1 if the element is not found.
int	indexOf(Object o) Returns the index of the first occurrence of the specified element in this list, or -1 if this list does not contain the element.
boolean	isEmpty() Returns true if this list contains no elements.
Iterator<E>	iterator() Returns an iterator over the elements in this list in proper sequence.
int	lastIndexOf(E e, int index) Returns the index of the last occurrence of the specified element in this list, searching backwards from index, or returns -1 if the element is not found.
int	lastIndexOf(Object o) Returns the index of the last occurrence of the specified element in this list, or -1 if this list does not contain the element.
ListIterator<E>	listIterator() Returns a list iterator over the elements in this list (in proper sequence).
ListIterator<E>	listIterator(int index) Returns a list iterator of the elements in this list (in proper sequence), starting at the specified position in this list.
E	remove(int index) Removes the element at the specified position in this list.
boolean	remove(Object o) Removes the first occurrence of the specified element from this list, if it is present.
boolean	removeAll(Collection<?> c) Removes from this list all of its elements that are contained in the specified collection.
boolean	retainAll(Collection<?> c) Retains only the elements in this list that are contained in the specified collection.
E	set(int index, E element) Replaces the element at the specified position in this list with the specified element.
int	size() Returns the number of elements in this list.
List<E>	subList(int fromIndex, int toIndex) Returns a view of the portion of this list between fromIndex, inclusive, and toIndex, exclusive.
Object[]	toArray() Returns an array containing all of the elements in this list in proper sequence (from first to last element).
<T> T[]	toArray(T[] a) Returns an array containing all of the elements in this list in proper sequence (from first to last element); the runtime type of the returned array is that of the specified array.
String	toString() Returns a string representation of this list.

Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object

finalize, getClass, notify, notifyAll, wait, wait, wait

Constructor Detail

CopyOnWriteArrayList

public CopyOnWriteArrayList()

Creates an empty list.

CopyOnWriteArrayList

public CopyOnWriteArrayList(Collection<? extends E> c)

Creates a list containing the elements of the specified collection, in the order they are returned by the collection's iterator.

Parameters:

c - the collection of initially held elements

Throws:

NullPointerException - if the specified collection is null

CopyOnWriteArrayList

public CopyOnWriteArrayList(E[] toCopyIn)

Creates a list holding a copy of the given array.

Parameters:

toCopyIn - the array (a copy of this array is used as the internal array)

Throws:

NullPointerException - if the specified array is null

Method Detail

size

public int size()

Returns the number of elements in this list.

Specified by:

size in interface Collection<E>

Specified by:

size in interface List<E>

Returns:

the number of elements in this list

isEmpty

public boolean isEmpty()

Returns true if this list contains no elements.

Specified by:

isEmpty in interface Collection<E>

Specified by:

isEmpty in interface List<E>

Returns:

true if this list contains no elements

contains

public boolean contains(Object o)

Returns true if this list contains the specified element. More formally, returns true if and only if this list contains at least one element e such that (o==null ? e==null : o.equals(e)).

Specified by:

contains in interface Collection<E>

Specified by:

contains in interface List<E>

Parameters:

o - element whose presence in this list is to be tested

Returns:

true if this list contains the specified element

indexOf

public int indexOf(Object o)

Returns the index of the first occurrence of the specified element in this list, or -1 if this list does not contain the element. More formally, returns the lowest index i such that (o==null ? get(i)==null : o.equals(get(i))), or -1 if there is no such index.

Specified by:

indexOf in interface List<E>

Parameters:

o - element to search for

Returns:

the index of the first occurrence of the specified element in this list, or -1 if this list does not contain the element

indexOf

public int indexOf(E e,
                   int index)

Returns the index of the first occurrence of the specified element in this list, searching forwards from index, or returns -1 if the element is not found. More formally, returns the lowest index i such that (i >= index && (e==null ? get(i)==null : e.equals(get(i)))), or -1 if there is no such index.

Parameters:

e - element to search for

index - index to start searching from

Returns:

the index of the first occurrence of the element in this list at position index or later in the list; -1 if the element is not found.

Throws:

IndexOutOfBoundsException - if the specified index is negative

lastIndexOf

public int lastIndexOf(Object o)

Returns the index of the last occurrence of the specified element in this list, or -1 if this list does not contain the element. More formally, returns the highest index i such that (o==null ? get(i)==null : o.equals(get(i))), or -1 if there is no such index.

Specified by:

lastIndexOf in interface List<E>

Parameters:

o - element to search for

Returns:

the index of the last occurrence of the specified element in this list, or -1 if this list does not contain the element

lastIndexOf

public int lastIndexOf(E e,
                       int index)

Returns the index of the last occurrence of the specified element in this list, searching backwards from index, or returns -1 if the element is not found. More formally, returns the highest index i such that (i <= index && (e==null ? get(i)==null : e.equals(get(i)))), or -1 if there is no such index.

Parameters:

e - element to search for

index - index to start searching backwards from

Returns:

the index of the last occurrence of the element at position less than or equal to index in this list; -1 if the element is not found.

Throws:

IndexOutOfBoundsException - if the specified index is greater than or equal to the current size of this list

clone

public Object clone()

Returns a shallow copy of this list. (The elements themselves are not copied.)

Overrides:

clone in class Object

Returns:

a clone of this list

See Also:

Cloneable

toArray

public Object[] toArray()

Returns an array containing all of the elements in this list in proper sequence (from first to last element).

The returned array will be "safe" in that no references to it are maintained by this list. (In other words, this method must allocate a new array). The caller is thus free to modify the returned array.

This method acts as bridge between array-based and collection-based APIs.

Specified by:

toArray in interface Collection<E>

Specified by:

toArray in interface List<E>

Returns:

an array containing all the elements in this list

See Also:

Arrays.asList(Object[])

toArray

public <T> T[] toArray(T[] a)

Returns an array containing all of the elements in this list in proper sequence (from first to last element); the runtime type of the returned array is that of the specified array. If the list fits in the specified array, it is returned therein. Otherwise, a new array is allocated with the runtime type of the specified array and the size of this list.

If this list fits in the specified array with room to spare (i.e., the array has more elements than this list), the element in the array immediately following the end of the list is set to null. (This is useful in determining the length of this list only if the caller knows that this list does not contain any null elements.)

Like the toArray() method, this method acts as bridge between array-based and collection-based APIs. Further, this method allows precise control over the runtime type of the output array, and may, under certain circumstances, be used to save allocation costs.

Suppose x is a list known to contain only strings. The following code can be used to dump the list into a newly allocated array of String:

     String[] y = x.toArray(new String[0]);

Note that toArray(new Object[0]) is identical in function to toArray().

Specified by:

toArray in interface Collection<E>

Specified by:

toArray in interface List<E>

Parameters:

a - the array into which the elements of the list are to be stored, if it is big enough; otherwise, a new array of the same runtime type is allocated for this purpose.

Returns:

an array containing all the elements in this list

Throws:

ArrayStoreException - if the runtime type of the specified array is not a supertype of the runtime type of every element in this list

NullPointerException - if the specified array is null

get

public E get(int index)

Returns the element at the specified position in this list.

Specified by:

get in interface List<E>

Parameters:

index - index of the element to return

Returns:

the element at the specified position in this list

Throws:

IndexOutOfBoundsException - if the index is out of range (index < 0 || index >= size())

set

public E set(int index,
             E element)

Replaces the element at the specified position in this list with the specified element.

Specified by:

set in interface List<E>

Parameters:

index - index of the element to replace

element - element to be stored at the specified position

Returns:

the element previously at the specified position

Throws:

IndexOutOfBoundsException - if the index is out of range (index < 0 || index >= size())

add

public boolean add(E e)

Appends the specified element to the end of this list.

Specified by:

add in interface Collection<E>

Specified by:

add in interface List<E>

Parameters:

e - element to be appended to this list

Returns:

true (as specified by Collection.add(E))

add

public void add(int index,
                E element)

Inserts the specified element at the specified position in this list. Shifts the element currently at that position (if any) and any subsequent elements to the right (adds one to their indices).

Specified by:

add in interface List<E>

Parameters:

index - index at which the specified element is to be inserted

element - element to be inserted

Throws:

IndexOutOfBoundsException - if the index is out of range (index < 0 || index > size())

remove

public E remove(int index)

Removes the element at the specified position in this list. Shifts any subsequent elements to the left (subtracts one from their indices). Returns the element that was removed from the list.

Specified by:

remove in interface List<E>

Parameters:

index - the index of the element to be removed

Returns:

the element previously at the specified position

Throws:

IndexOutOfBoundsException - if the index is out of range (index < 0 || index >= size())

remove

public boolean remove(Object o)

Removes the first occurrence of the specified element from this list, if it is present. If this list does not contain the element, it is unchanged. More formally, removes the element with the lowest index i such that (o==null ? get(i)==null : o.equals(get(i))) (if such an element exists). Returns true if this list contained the specified element (or equivalently, if this list changed as a result of the call).

Specified by:

remove in interface Collection<E>

Specified by:

remove in interface List<E>

Parameters:

o - element to be removed from this list, if present

Returns:

true if this list contained the specified element

addIfAbsent

public boolean addIfAbsent(E e)

Append the element if not present.

Parameters:

e - element to be added to this list, if absent

Returns:

true if the element was added

containsAll

public boolean containsAll(Collection<?> c)

Returns true if this list contains all of the elements of the specified collection.

Specified by:

containsAll in interface Collection<E>

Specified by:

containsAll in interface List<E>

Parameters:

c - collection to be checked for containment in this list

Returns:

true if this list contains all of the elements of the specified collection

Throws:

NullPointerException - if the specified collection is null

See Also:

contains(Object)

removeAll

public boolean removeAll(Collection<?> c)

Removes from this list all of its elements that are contained in the specified collection. This is a particularly expensive operation in this class because of the need for an internal temporary array.

Specified by:

removeAll in interface Collection<E>

Specified by:

removeAll in interface List<E>

Parameters:

c - collection containing elements to be removed from this list

Returns:

true if this list changed as a result of the call

Throws:

ClassCastException - if the class of an element of this list is incompatible with the specified collection (optional)

NullPointerException - if this list contains a null element and the specified collection does not permit null elements (optional), or if the specified collection is null

See Also:

remove(Object)

retainAll

public boolean retainAll(Collection<?> c)

Retains only the elements in this list that are contained in the specified collection. In other words, removes from this list all of its elements that are not contained in the specified collection.

Specified by:

retainAll in interface Collection<E>

Specified by:

retainAll in interface List<E>

Parameters:

c - collection containing elements to be retained in this list

Returns:

true if this list changed as a result of the call

Throws:

ClassCastException - if the class of an element of this list is incompatible with the specified collection (optional)

NullPointerException - if this list contains a null element and the specified collection does not permit null elements (optional), or if the specified collection is null

See Also:

remove(Object)

addAllAbsent

public int addAllAbsent(Collection<? extends E> c)

Appends all of the elements in the specified collection that are not already contained in this list, to the end of this list, in the order that they are returned by the specified collection's iterator.

Parameters:

c - collection containing elements to be added to this list

Returns:

the number of elements added

Throws:

NullPointerException - if the specified collection is null

See Also:

addIfAbsent(Object)

clear

public void clear()

Removes all of the elements from this list. The list will be empty after this call returns.

Specified by:

clear in interface Collection<E>

Specified by:

clear in interface List<E>

addAll

public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c)

Appends all of the elements in the specified collection to the end of this list, in the order that they are returned by the specified collection's iterator.

Specified by:

addAll in interface Collection<E>

Specified by:

addAll in interface List<E>

Parameters:

c - collection containing elements to be added to this list

Returns:

true if this list changed as a result of the call

Throws:

NullPointerException - if the specified collection is null

See Also:

add(Object)

addAll

public boolean addAll(int index,
                      Collection<? extends E> c)

Inserts all of the elements in the specified collection into this list, starting at the specified position. Shifts the element currently at that position (if any) and any subsequent elements to the right (increases their indices). The new elements will appear in this list in the order that they are returned by the specified collection's iterator.

Specified by:

addAll in interface List<E>

Parameters:

index - index at which to insert the first element from the specified collection

c - collection containing elements to be added to this list

Returns:

true if this list changed as a result of the call

Throws:

IndexOutOfBoundsException - if the index is out of range (index < 0 || index > size())

NullPointerException - if the specified collection is null

See Also:

add(int,Object)

toString

public String toString()

Returns a string representation of this list. The string representation consists of the string representations of the list's elements in the order they are returned by its iterator, enclosed in square brackets ("[]"). Adjacent elements are separated by the characters ", " (comma and space). Elements are converted to strings as by String.valueOf(Object).

Overrides:

toString in class Object

Returns:

a string representation of this list

equals

public boolean equals(Object o)

Compares the specified object with this list for equality. Returns true if the specified object is the same object as this object, or if it is also a List and the sequence of elements returned by an iterator over the specified list is the same as the sequence returned by an iterator over this list. The two sequences are considered to be the same if they have the same length and corresponding elements at the same position in the sequence are equal. Two elements e1 and e2 are considered equal if (e1==null ? e2==null : e1.equals(e2)).

Specified by:

equals in interface Collection<E>

Specified by:

equals in interface List<E>

Overrides:

equals in class Object

Parameters:

o - the object to be compared for equality with this list

Returns:

true if the specified object is equal to this list

See Also:

Object.hashCode(), Hashtable

hashCode

public int hashCode()

Returns the hash code value for this list.

This implementation uses the definition in List.hashCode().

Specified by:

hashCode in interface Collection<E>

Specified by:

hashCode in interface List<E>

Overrides:

hashCode in class Object

Returns:

the hash code value for this list

See Also:

Object.equals(java.lang.Object), Hashtable

iterator

public Iterator<E> iterator()

Returns an iterator over the elements in this list in proper sequence.

The returned iterator provides a snapshot of the state of the list when the iterator was constructed. No synchronization is needed while traversing the iterator. The iterator does NOT support the remove method.

Specified by:

iterator in interface Iterable<E>

Specified by:

iterator in interface Collection<E>

Specified by:

iterator in interface List<E>

Returns:

an iterator over the elements in this list in proper sequence

listIterator

public ListIterator<E> listIterator()

Returns a list iterator over the elements in this list (in proper sequence).

The returned iterator provides a snapshot of the state of the list when the iterator was constructed. No synchronization is needed while traversing the iterator. The iterator does NOT support the remove, set or add methods.

Specified by:

listIterator in interface List<E>

Returns:

a list iterator over the elements in this list (in proper sequence)

listIterator

public ListIterator<E> listIterator(int index)

Returns a list iterator of the elements in this list (in proper sequence), starting at the specified position in this list. The specified index indicates the first element that would be returned by an initial call to next. An initial call to previous would return the element with the specified index minus one.

The returned iterator provides a snapshot of the state of the list when the iterator was constructed. No synchronization is needed while traversing the iterator. The iterator does NOT support the remove, set or add methods.

Specified by:

listIterator in interface List<E>

Parameters:

index - index of first element to be returned from the list iterator (by a call to the next method)

Returns:

a list iterator of the elements in this list (in proper sequence), starting at the specified position in this list

Throws:

IndexOutOfBoundsException - if the index is out of range (index < 0 || index > size())

subList

public List<E> subList(int fromIndex,
                       int toIndex)

Returns a view of the portion of this list between fromIndex, inclusive, and toIndex, exclusive. The returned list is backed by this list, so changes in the returned list are reflected in this list, and vice-versa. While mutative operations are supported, they are probably not very useful for CopyOnWriteArrayLists.

The semantics of the list returned by this method become undefined if the backing list (i.e., this list) is structurally modified in any way other than via the returned list. (Structural modifications are those that change the size of the list, or otherwise perturb it in such a fashion that iterations in progress may yield incorrect results.)

Specified by:

subList in interface List<E>

Parameters:

fromIndex - low endpoint (inclusive) of the subList

toIndex - high endpoint (exclusive) of the subList

Returns:

a view of the specified range within this list

Throws:

IndexOutOfBoundsException - for an illegal endpoint index value (fromIndex < 0 || toIndex > size || fromIndex > toIndex)