Setting the class path

Synopsis

The class path is the path that the Java runtime environment searches for classes and other resource files. The class search path (more commonly known by the shorter name, "class path") can be set using either the -classpath option when calling a JDK tool (the preferred method) or by setting the CLASSPATH environment variable. The -classpath option is preferred because you can set it individually for each application without affecting other applications and without other applications modifying its value.
C:> sdkTool -classpath classpath1;classpath2...

-or-

C:> set CLASSPATH=classpath1;classpath2...

where:

sdkTool

A command-line tool, such as java, javac, javadoc, or apt. For a listing, see JDK Tools.

classpath1;classpath2

Class paths to the .jar, .zip or .class files. Each classpath should end with a filename or directory depending on what you are setting the class path to:

For a .jar or .zip file that contains .class files, the class path ends with the name of the .zip or .jar file.

For .class files in an unnamed package, the class path ends with the directory that contains the .class files.

For .class files in a named package, the class path ends with the directory that contains the "root" package (the first package in the full package name).

Multiple path entries are separated by semi-colons. With the set command, it's important to omit spaces from around the equals sign (=).

The default class path is the current directory. Setting the CLASSPATH variable or using the -classpath command-line option overrides that default, so if you want to include the current directory in the search path, you must include "." in the new settings.

Classpath entries that are neither directories nor archives (.zip or .jar files) nor * are ignored.

Description

The class path tells JDK tools and applications where to find third-party and user-defined classes -- that is, classes that are not Java extensions or part of the Java platform. The class path needs to find any classes you've compiled with the javac compiler -- its default is the current directory to conveniently enable those classes to be found.

The JDK, the JVM and other JDK tools find classes by searching the Java platform (bootstrap) classes, any extension classes, and the class path, in that order. (For details on the search strategy, see How Classes Are Found.) Class libraries for most applications will want to take advantage of the extensions mechanism. You only need to set the class path when you want to load a class that's (a) not in the current directory or in any of its subdirectories, and (b) not in a location specified by the extensions mechanism.

If you are upgrading from an older version of the JDK, your startup settings may include CLASSPATH settings that are no longer needed. You should remove any settings that are not application-specific, such as classes.zip. Some third-party applications that use the Java Virtual Machine may modify your CLASSPATH environment variable to include the libaries they use. Such settings can remain.

You can change the class path by using the JDK tools' -classpath option when you invoke the JVM or other JDK tools or by using the CLASSPATH environment variable. Using the -classpath option is preferred over setting CLASSPATH environment variable because you can set it individually for each application without affecting other applications and without other applications modifying its value.

Classes can be stored either in directories (folders) or in archive files. The Java platform classes are stored in rt.jar. For more details on archives and information on how the class path works, see Understanding the class path and package names near the end of this document.

Important Note: Some older versions of the JDK sofware included a <jdk-dir>/classes entry in the default class path. That directory exists for use by the JDK software, and should not be used for application classes. Application classes should be placed in a directory outside of the JDK directory hierarcy. That way, installing a new JDK does not force you to reinstall application classes. For compatibility with older versions, applications that use the <jdk-dir>/classes directory as a class library will run in the current version, but there is no guarantee that they will run in future versions.

Using the JDK tools' -classpath option

The JDK tools java, jdb, javac, and javah have a -classpath option which replaces the path or paths specified by the CLASSPATH environment variable while the tool runs. This is the recommended option for changing class path settings, because each application can have the class path it needs without interfering with any other application.

The runtime tool java has a -cp option, as well. This option is an abbreviation for -classpath.

For very special cases, both java and javac have options that let you change the path they use to find their own class libraries. The vast majority of users will never to need to use those options, however.

Using the CLASSPATH environment variable

In general, you will want to use the -classpath command-line option, as explained in the previous section. This section shows you how to set the CLASSPATH environment variable if you want to do that, or clear settings left over from a previous installation.

Setting CLASSPATH

The CLASSPATH environment variable is modified with the set command. The format is:

set CLASSPATH=path1;path2 ...

The paths should begin with the letter specifying the drive, for example, C:\. That way, the classes will still be found if you happen to switch to a different drive. (If the path entries start with backslash (\) and you are on drive D:, for example, then the classes will be expected on D:, rather thanC:.)

Clearing CLASSPATH

If your CLASSPATH environment variable has been set to a value that is not correct, or if your startup file or script is setting an incorrect path, you can unset CLASSPATH by using:

C:> set CLASSPATH=

This command unsets CLASSPATH for the current command prompt window only. You should also delete or modify your startup settings to ensure that you have the right CLASSPATH settings in future sessions.

Changing Startup Settings
If the CLASSPATH variable is set at system startup, the place to look for it depends on your operating system:

Operating System Method

Windows 95 and 98 Examine autoexec.bat for the set command.

Other (Windows NT, Windows 2000, ...) The CLASSPATH environment variable can be set using the System utility in the Control Panel.

Operating System	Method
Windows 95 and 98	Examine autoexec.bat for the set command.
Other (Windows NT, Windows 2000, ...)	The `CLASSPATH` environment variable can be set using the System utility in the Control Panel.

Understanding class path wildcards

Class path entries can contain the basename wildcard character *, which is considered equivalent to specifying a list of all the files in the directory with the extension .jar or .JAR. For example, the class path entry foo/* specifies all JAR files in the directory named foo. A classpath entry consisting simply of * expands to a list of all the jar files in the current directory.

A class path entry that contains * will not match class files. To match both classes and JAR files in a single directory foo, use either foo;foo/* or foo/*;foo. The order chosen determines whether the classes and resources in foo are loaded before JAR files in foo, or vice versa.

Subdirectories are not searched recursively. For example, foo/* looks for JAR files only in foo, not in foo/bar, foo/baz, etc.

The order in which the JAR files in a directory are enumerated in the expanded class path is not specified and may vary from platform to platform and even from moment to moment on the same machine. A well-constructed application should not depend upon any particular order. If a specific order is required then the JAR files can be enumerated explicitly in the class path.

Expansion of wildcards is done early, prior to the invocation of a program's main method, rather than late, during the class-loading process itself. Each element of the input class path containing a wildcard is replaced by the (possibly empty) sequence of elements generated by enumerating the JAR files in the named directory. For example, if the directory foo contains a.jar, b.jar, and c.jar, then the class path foo/* is expanded into foo/a.jar;foo/b.jar;foo/c.jar, and that string would be the value of the system property java.class.path.

The CLASSPATH environment variable is not treated any differently from the -classpath (or -cp) command-line option. That is, wildcards are honored in all these cases. However, class path wildcards are not honored in the Class-Path jar-manifest header.

Understanding the class path and package names

Java classes are organized into packages which are mapped to directories in the file system. But, unlike the file system, whenever you specify a package name, you specify the whole package name -- never part of it. For example, the package name for java.awt.Button is always specified as java.awt.

For example, suppose you want the Java runtime to find a class named Cool.class in the package utility.myapp. If the path to that directory is C:\java\MyClasses\utility\myapp, you would set the class path so that it contains C:\java\MyClasses.

To run that app, you could use the following JVM command:

C:> java -classpath C:\java\MyClasses utility.myapp.Cool

When the app runs, the JVM uses the class path settings to find any other classes defined in the utility.myapp package that are used by the Cool class.

Note that the entire package name is specified in the command. It is not possible, for example, to set the class path so it contains C:\java\MyClasses\utility and use the command java myapp.Cool. The class would not be found.

(You may be wondering what defines the package name for a class. The answer is that the package name is part of the class and cannot be modified, except by recompiling the class.)

Note: An interesting consequence of the package specification mechanism is that files which are part of the same package may actually exist in different directories. The package name will be the same for each class, but the path to each file may start from a different directory in the class path.

Folders and archive files

When classes are stored in a directory (folder), like c:\java\MyClasses\utility\myapp, then the class path entry points to the directory that contains the first element of the package name. (in this case, C:\java\MyClasses, since the package name is utility.myapp.)

But when classes are stored in an archive file (a .zip or .jar file) the class path entry is the path to and including the .zip or .jar file. For example, to use a class library that is in a .jar file, the command would look something like this:
C:> java -classpath C:\java\MyClasses\myclasses.jar utility.myapp.Cool
Multiple specifications

To find class files in the directory C:\java\MyClasses as well as classes in C:\java\OtherClasses, you would set the class path to:
C:> java -classpath C:\java\MyClasses;C:\java\OtherClasses ...
Note that the two paths are separated by a semicolon.

Specification order

The order in which you specify multiple class path entries is important. The Java interpreter will look for classes in the directories in the order they appear in the class path variable. In the example above, the Java interpreter will first look for a needed class in the directory C:\java\MyClasses. Only if it doesn't find a class with the proper name in that directory will the interpreter look in the C:\java\OtherClasses directory.

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