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EQN(1) EQN(1)
NAME
eqn - format equations for troff
SYNOPSIS
eqn [ -rvCNR ] [ -dxy ] [ -Tname ] [ -Mdir ] [ -fF ] [ -sn ] [ -pn ] [ -mn ] [ files... ]
It is possible to have whitespace between a command line option and its parameter.
DESCRIPTION
This manual page describes the GNU version of eqn, which is part of the groff document formatting
system. eqn compiles descriptions of equations embedded within troff input files into commands that
are understood by troff. Normally, it should be invoked using the -e option of groff. The syntax is
quite compatible with Unix eqn. The output of GNU eqn cannot be processed with Unix troff; it must
be processed with GNU troff. If no files are given on the command line, the standard input will be
read. A filename of - will cause the standard input to be read.
eqn searches for the file eqnrc in the directories given with the -M option first, then in
/usr/lib/groff/site-tmac, /usr/share/groff/site-tmac, and finally in the standard macro directory
/usr/share/groff/1.19.2/tmac. If it exists, eqn will process it before the other input files. The
-R option prevents this.
GNU eqn does not provide the functionality of neqn: it does not support low-resolution, typewriter-like typewriterlike
like devices (although it may work adequately for very simple input).
OPTIONS
-dxy Specify delimiters x and y for the left and right end, respectively, of in-line equations.
Any delim statements in the source file overrides this.
-C Recognize .EQ and .EN even when followed by a character other than space or newline.
-N Don't allow newlines within delimiters. This option allows eqn to recover better from missing
closing delimiters.
-v Print the version number.
-r Only one size reduction.
-mn The minimum point-size is n. eqn will not reduce the size of subscripts or superscripts to a
smaller size than n.
-Tname The output is for device name. The only effect of this is to define a macro name with a value
of 1. Typically eqnrc will use this to provide definitions appropriate for the output device.
The default output device is ps.
-Mdir Search dir for eqnrc before the default directories.
-R Don't load eqnrc.
-fF This is equivalent to a gfont F command.
-sn This is equivalent to a gsize n command. This option is deprecated. eqn will normally set
equations at whatever the current point size is when the equation is encountered.
-pn This says that subscripts and superscripts should be n points smaller than the surrounding
text. This option is deprecated. Normally eqn makes sets subscripts and superscripts at 70%
of the size of the surrounding text.
USAGE
Only the differences between GNU eqn and Unix eqn are described here.
Most of the new features of GNU eqn are based on TeX. There are some references to the differences
between TeX and GNU eqn below; these may safely be ignored if you do not know TeX.
Automatic spacing
eqn gives each component of an equation a type, and adjusts the spacing between components using that
type. Possible types are:
ordinary an ordinary character such as `1' or `x';
_
operator a large operator such as `>';
binary a binary operator such as `+';
relation a relation such as `=';
opening a opening bracket such as `(';
closing a closing bracket such as `)';
punctuation a punctuation character such as `,';
inner a subformula contained within brackets;
suppress spacing that suppresses automatic spacing adjustment.
Components of an equation get a type in one of two ways.
type t e
This yields an equation component that contains e but that has type t, where t is one of the
types mentioned above. For example, times is defined as
type "binary" \(mu
The name of the type doesn't have to be quoted, but quoting protects from macro expansion.
chartype t text
Unquoted groups of characters are split up into individual characters, and the type of each
character is looked up; this changes the type that is stored for each character; it says that
the characters in text from now on have type t. For example,
chartype "punctuation" .,;:
would make the characters `.,;:' have type punctuation whenever they subsequently appeared in
an equation. The type t can also be letter or digit; in these cases chartype changes the font
type of the characters. See the Fonts subsection.
New primitives
e1 smallover e2
This is similar to over; smallover reduces the size of e1 and e2; it also puts less vertical
space between e1 or e2 and the fraction bar. The over primitive corresponds to the TeX \over
primitive in display styles; smallover corresponds to \over in non-display styles.
vcenter e
This vertically centers e about the math axis. The math axis is the vertical position about
which characters such as `+' and `-' are centered; also it is the vertical position used for
the bar of fractions. For example, sum is defined as
{ type "operator" vcenter size +5 \(*S }
e1 accent e2
This sets e2 as an accent over e1. e2 is assumed to be at the correct height for a lowercase
letter; e2 will be moved down according if e1 is taller or shorter than a lowercase letter.
For example, hat is defined as
accent { "^" }
dotdot, dot, tilde, vec, and dyad are also defined using the accent primitive.
e1 uaccent e2
This sets e2 as an accent under e1. e2 is assumed to be at the correct height for a character
without a descender; e2 will be moved down if e1 has a descender. utilde is pre-defined using
uaccent as a tilde accent below the baseline.
split "text"
This has the same effect as simply
text
but text is not subject to macro expansion because it is quoted; text will be split up and the
spacing between individual characters will be adjusted.
nosplit text
This has the same effect as
"text"
but because text is not quoted it will be subject to macro expansion; text will not be split
up and the spacing between individual characters will not be adjusted.
e opprime
This is a variant of prime that acts as an operator on e. It produces a different result from
prime in a case such as A opprime sub 1: with opprime the 1 will be tucked under the prime as
a subscript to the A (as is conventional in mathematical typesetting), whereas with prime
the 1 will be a subscript to the prime character. The precedence of opprime is the same as
that of bar and under, which is higher than that of everything except accent and uaccent. In
unquoted text a ' that is not the first character will be treated like opprime.
special text e
This constructs a new object from e using a troff(1) macro named text. When the macro is
called, the string 0s will contain the output for e, and the number registers 0w, 0h, 0d,
0skern, and 0skew will contain the width, height, depth, subscript kern, and skew of e. (The
subscript kern of an object says how much a subscript on that object should be tucked in; the
skew of an object says how far to the right of the center of the object an accent over the
object should be placed.) The macro must modify 0s so that it will output the desired result
with its origin at the current point, and increase the current horizontal position by the
width of the object. The number registers must also be modified so that they correspond to
the result.
For example, suppose you wanted a construct that `cancels' an expression by drawing a diagonal
line through it.
.EQ
define cancel 'special Ca'
.EN
.de Ca
. ds 0s \
\Z'\\*(0s'\
\v'\\n(0du'\
\D'l \\n(0wu -\\n(0hu-\\n(0du'\
\v'\\n(0hu'
..
Then you could cancel an expression e with cancel { e }
Here's a more complicated construct that draws a box round an expression:
.EQ
define box 'special Bx'
.EN
.de Bx
. ds 0s \
\Z'\h'1n'\\*(0s'\
\Z'\
\v'\\n(0du+1n'\
\D'l \\n(0wu+2n 0'\
\D'l 0 -\\n(0hu-\\n(0du-2n'\
\D'l -\\n(0wu-2n 0'\
\D'l 0 \\n(0hu+\\n(0du+2n'\
'\
\h'\\n(0wu+2n'
. nr 0w +2n
. nr 0d +1n
. nr 0h +1n
..
space n
A positive value of the integer n (in hundredths of an em) sets the vertical spacing before
the equation, a negative value sets the spacing after the equation, replacing the default val-ues. values.
ues. This primitive provides an interface to groff's \x escape (but with opposite sign).
This keyword has no effect if the equation is part of a pic picture.
Extended primitives
col n { ... }
ccol n { ... }
lcol n { ... }
rcol n { ... }
pile n { ... }
cpile n { ... }
lpile n { ... }
rpile n { ... }
The integer value n (in hundredths of an em) increases the vertical spacing between rows,
using groff's \x escape. Negative values are possible but have no effect. If there is more
than a single value given in a matrix, the biggest one is used.
Customization
The appearance of equations is controlled by a large number of parameters. These can be set using
the set command.
set p n
This sets parameter p to value n; n is an integer. For example,
set x_height 45
says that eqn should assume an x height of 0.45 ems.
Possible parameters are as follows. Values are in units of hundredths of an em unless other-wise otherwise
wise stated. These descriptions are intended to be expository rather than definitive.
minimum_size
eqn will not set anything at a smaller point-size than this. The value is in points.
fat_offset
The fat primitive emboldens an equation by overprinting two copies of the equation hor-izontally horizontally
izontally offset by this amount.
over_hang
A fraction bar will be longer by twice this amount than the maximum of the widths of
the numerator and denominator; in other words, it will overhang the numerator and
denominator by at least this amount.
accent_width
When bar or under is applied to a single character, the line will be this long. Nor-mally, Normally,
mally, bar or under produces a line whose length is the width of the object to which it
applies; in the case of a single character, this tends to produce a line that looks too
long.
delimiter_factor
Extensible delimiters produced with the left and right primitives will have a combined
height and depth of at least this many thousandths of twice the maximum amount by which
the sub-equation that the delimiters enclose extends away from the axis.
delimiter_shortfall
Extensible delimiters produced with the left and right primitives will have a combined
height and depth not less than the difference of twice the maximum amount by which the
sub-equation that the delimiters enclose extends away from the axis and this amount.
null_delimiter_space
This much horizontal space is inserted on each side of a fraction.
script_space
The width of subscripts and superscripts is increased by this amount.
thin_space
This amount of space is automatically inserted after punctuation characters.
medium_space
This amount of space is automatically inserted on either side of binary operators.
thick_space
This amount of space is automatically inserted on either side of relations.
x_height
The height of lowercase letters without ascenders such as `x'.
axis_height
The height above the baseline of the center of characters such as `+' and `-'. It is
important that this value is correct for the font you are using.
default_rule_thickness
This should set to the thickness of the \(ru character, or the thickness of horizontal
lines produced with the \D escape sequence.
num1 The over command will shift up the numerator by at least this amount.
num2 The smallover command will shift up the numerator by at least this amount.
denom1 The over command will shift down the denominator by at least this amount.
denom2 The smallover command will shift down the denominator by at least this amount.
sup1 Normally superscripts will be shifted up by at least this amount.
sup2 Superscripts within superscripts or upper limits or numerators of smallover fractions
will be shifted up by at least this amount. This is usually less than sup1.
sup3 Superscripts within denominators or square roots or subscripts or lower limits will be
shifted up by at least this amount. This is usually less than sup2.
sub1 Subscripts will normally be shifted down by at least this amount.
sub2 When there is both a subscript and a superscript, the subscript will be shifted down by
at least this amount.
sup_drop
The baseline of a superscript will be no more than this much amount below the top of
the object on which the superscript is set.
sub_drop
The baseline of a subscript will be at least this much below the bottom of the object
on which the subscript is set.
big_op_spacing1
The baseline of an upper limit will be at least this much above the top of the object
on which the limit is set.
big_op_spacing2
The baseline of a lower limit will be at least this much below the bottom of the object
on which the limit is set.
big_op_spacing3
The bottom of an upper limit will be at least this much above the top of the object on
which the limit is set.
big_op_spacing4
The top of a lower limit will be at least this much below the bottom of the object on
which the limit is set.
big_op_spacing5
This much vertical space will be added above and below limits.
baseline_sep
The baselines of the rows in a pile or matrix will normally be this far apart. In most
cases this should be equal to the sum of num1 and denom1.
shift_down
The midpoint between the top baseline and the bottom baseline in a matrix or pile will
be shifted down by this much from the axis. In most cases this should be equal to
axis_height.
column_sep
This much space will be added between columns in a matrix.
matrix_side_sep
This much space will be added at each side of a matrix.
draw_lines
If this is non-zero, lines will be drawn using the \D escape sequence, rather than with
the \l escape sequence and the \(ru character.
body_height
The amount by which the height of the equation exceeds this will be added as extra
space before the line containing the equation (using \x). The default value is 85.
body_depth
The amount by which the depth of the equation exceeds this will be added as extra space
after the line containing the equation (using \x). The default value is 35.
nroff If this is non-zero, then ndefine will behave like define and tdefine will be ignored,
otherwise tdefine will behave like define and ndefine will be ignored. The default
value is 0 (This is typically changed to 1 by the eqnrc file for the ascii, latin1,
utf8, and cp1047 devices.)
A more precise description of the role of many of these parameters can be found in Appendix H
of The TeXbook.
Macros
Macros can take arguments. In a macro body, $n where n is between 1 and 9, will be replaced by the
n-th argument if the macro is called with arguments; if there are fewer than n arguments, it will be
replaced by nothing. A word containing a left parenthesis where the part of the word before the left
parenthesis has been defined using the define command will be recognized as a macro call with argu-ments; arguments;
ments; characters following the left parenthesis up to a matching right parenthesis will be treated
as comma-separated arguments; commas inside nested parentheses do not terminate an argument.
sdefine name X anything X
This is like the define command, but name will not be recognized if called with arguments.
include "file"
copy "file"
Include the contents of file (include and copy are synonyms). Lines of file beginning with
.EQ or .EN will be ignored.
ifdef name X anything X
If name has been defined by define (or has been automatically defined because name is the out-put output
put device) process anything; otherwise ignore anything. X can be any character not appearing
in anything.
undef name
Remove definition of name, making it undefined.
Besides the macros mentioned above, the following definitions are available: Alpha, Beta, ..., Omega
(this is the same as ALPHA, BETA, ..., OMEGA), ldots (three dots on the base line), and dollar.
Fonts
eqn normally uses at least two fonts to set an equation: an italic font for letters, and a roman font
for everything else. The existing gfont command changes the font that is used as the italic font.
By default this is I. The font that is used as the roman font can be changed using the new grfont
command.
grfont f
Set the roman font to f.
The italic primitive uses the current italic font set by gfont; the roman primitive uses the current
roman font set by grfont. There is also a new gbfont command, which changes the font used by the
bold primitive. If you only use the roman, italic and bold primitives to changes fonts within an
equation, you can change all the fonts used by your equations just by using gfont, grfont and gbfont
commands.
You can control which characters are treated as letters (and therefore set in italics) by using the
chartype command described above. A type of letter will cause a character to be set in italic type.
A type of digit will cause a character to be set in roman type.
FILES
/usr/share/groff/1.19.2/tmac/eqnrc Initialization file.
BUGS
Inline equations will be set at the point size that is current at the beginning of the input line.
SEE ALSO
groff(1), troff(1), pic(1), groff_font(5), The TeXbook
Groff Version 1.19.2 20 February 2005 EQN(1)
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