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GIT-FAST-IMPORT(1) Git Manual GIT-FAST-IMPORT(1)
NAME
git-fast-import - Backend for fast Git data importers
SYNOPSIS
frontend | git fast-import [options]
DESCRIPTION
This program is usually not what the end user wants to run directly. Most end users want to use one
of the existing frontend programs, which parses a specific type of foreign source and feeds the
contents stored there to git fast-import.
fast-import reads a mixed command/data stream from standard input and writes one or more packfiles
directly into the current repository. When EOF is received on standard input, fast import writes out
updated branch and tag refs, fully updating the current repository with the newly imported data.
The fast-import backend itself can import into an empty repository (one that has already been
initialized by git init) or incrementally update an existing populated repository. Whether or not
incremental imports are supported from a particular foreign source depends on the frontend program in
use.
OPTIONS
--force
Force updating modified existing branches, even if doing so would cause commits to be lost (as
the new commit does not contain the old commit).
--quiet
Disable all non-fatal output, making fast-import silent when it is successful. This option
disables the output shown by --stats.
--stats
Display some basic statistics about the objects fast-import has created, the packfiles they were
stored into, and the memory used by fast-import during this run. Showing this output is currently
the default, but can be disabled with --quiet.
Options for Frontends
--cat-blob-fd=<fd>
Write responses to cat-blob and ls queries to the file descriptor <fd> instead of stdout. Allows
progress output intended for the end-user to be separated from other output.
--date-format=<fmt>
Specify the type of dates the frontend will supply to fast-import within author, committer and
tagger commands. See "Date Formats" below for details about which formats are supported, and
their syntax.
--done
Terminate with error if there is no done command at the end of the stream. This option might be
useful for detecting errors that cause the frontend to terminate before it has started to write a
stream.
Locations of Marks Files
--export-marks=<file>
Dumps the internal marks table to <file> when complete. Marks are written one per line as :markid
SHA-1. Frontends can use this file to validate imports after they have been completed, or to save
the marks table across incremental runs. As <file> is only opened and truncated at checkpoint (or
completion) the same path can also be safely given to --import-marks.
--import-marks=<file>
Before processing any input, load the marks specified in <file>. The input file must exist, must
be readable, and must use the same format as produced by --export-marks. Multiple options may be
supplied to import more than one set of marks. If a mark is defined to different values, the last
file wins.
--import-marks-if-exists=<file>
Like --import-marks but instead of erroring out, silently skips the file if it does not exist.
--[no-]relative-marks
After specifying --relative-marks the paths specified with --import-marks= and --export-marks=
are relative to an internal directory in the current repository. In git-fast-import this means
that the paths are relative to the .git/info/fast-import directory. However, other importers may
use a different location.
Relative and non-relative marks may be combined by interweaving --(no-)-relative-marks with the
--(import|export)-marks= options.
Performance and Compression Tuning
--active-branches=<n>
Maximum number of branches to maintain active at once. See "Memory Utilization" below for
details. Default is 5.
--big-file-threshold=<n>
Maximum size of a blob that fast-import will attempt to create a delta for, expressed in bytes.
The default is 512m (512 MiB). Some importers may wish to lower this on systems with constrained
memory.
--depth=<n>
Maximum delta depth, for blob and tree deltification. Default is 10.
--export-pack-edges=<file>
After creating a packfile, print a line of data to <file> listing the filename of the packfile
and the last commit on each branch that was written to that packfile. This information may be
useful after importing projects whose total object set exceeds the 4 GiB packfile limit, as these
commits can be used as edge points during calls to git pack-objects.
--max-pack-size=<n>
Maximum size of each output packfile. The default is unlimited.
PERFORMANCE
The design of fast-import allows it to import large projects in a minimum amount of memory usage and
processing time. Assuming the frontend is able to keep up with fast-import and feed it a constant
stream of data, import times for projects holding 10+ years of history and containing 100,000+
individual commits are generally completed in just 1-2 hours on quite modest (~$2,000 USD) hardware.
Most bottlenecks appear to be in foreign source data access (the source just cannot extract revisions
fast enough) or disk IO (fast-import writes as fast as the disk will take the data). Imports will run
faster if the source data is stored on a different drive than the destination Git repository (due to
less IO contention).
DEVELOPMENT COST
A typical frontend for fast-import tends to weigh in at approximately 200 lines of Perl/Python/Ruby
code. Most developers have been able to create working importers in just a couple of hours, even
though it is their first exposure to fast-import, and sometimes even to Git. This is an ideal
situation, given that most conversion tools are throw-away (use once, and never look back).
PARALLEL OPERATION
Like git push or git fetch, imports handled by fast-import are safe to run alongside parallel git
repack -a -d or git gc invocations, or any other Git operation (including git prune, as loose objects
are never used by fast-import).
fast-import does not lock the branch or tag refs it is actively importing. After the import, during
its ref update phase, fast-import tests each existing branch ref to verify the update will be a
fast-forward update (the commit stored in the ref is contained in the new history of the commit to be
written). If the update is not a fast-forward update, fast-import will skip updating that ref and
instead prints a warning message. fast-import will always attempt to update all branch refs, and does
not stop on the first failure.
Branch updates can be forced with --force, but it's recommended that this only be used on an
otherwise quiet repository. Using --force is not necessary for an initial import into an empty
repository.
TECHNICAL DISCUSSION
fast-import tracks a set of branches in memory. Any branch can be created or modified at any point
during the import process by sending a commit command on the input stream. This design allows a
frontend program to process an unlimited number of branches simultaneously, generating commits in the
order they are available from the source data. It also simplifies the frontend programs considerably.
fast-import does not use or alter the current working directory, or any file within it. (It does
however update the current Git repository, as referenced by GIT_DIR.) Therefore an import frontend
may use the working directory for its own purposes, such as extracting file revisions from the
foreign source. This ignorance of the working directory also allows fast-import to run very quickly,
as it does not need to perform any costly file update operations when switching between branches.
INPUT FORMAT
With the exception of raw file data (which Git does not interpret) the fast-import input format is
text (ASCII) based. This text based format simplifies development and debugging of frontend programs,
especially when a higher level language such as Perl, Python or Ruby is being used.
fast-import is very strict about its input. Where we say SP below we mean exactly one space. Likewise
LF means one (and only one) linefeed and HT one (and only one) horizontal tab. Supplying additional
whitespace characters will cause unexpected results, such as branch names or file names with leading
or trailing spaces in their name, or early termination of fast-import when it encounters unexpected
input.
Stream Comments
To aid in debugging frontends fast-import ignores any line that begins with # (ASCII pound/hash) up
to and including the line ending LF. A comment line may contain any sequence of bytes that does not
contain an LF and therefore may be used to include any detailed debugging information that might be
specific to the frontend and useful when inspecting a fast-import data stream.
Date Formats
The following date formats are supported. A frontend should select the format it will use for this
import by passing the format name in the --date-format=<fmt> command line option.
raw
This is the Git native format and is <time> SP <offutc>. It is also fast-import's default format,
if --date-format was not specified.
The time of the event is specified by <time> as the number of seconds since the UNIX epoch
(midnight, Jan 1, 1970, UTC) and is written as an ASCII decimal integer.
The local offset is specified by <offutc> as a positive or negative offset from UTC. For example
EST (which is 5 hours behind UTC) would be expressed in <tz> by "-0500" while UTC is "+0000". The
local offset does not affect <time>; it is used only as an advisement to help formatting routines
display the timestamp.
If the local offset is not available in the source material, use "+0000", or the most common
local offset. For example many organizations have a CVS repository which has only ever been
accessed by users who are located in the same location and timezone. In this case a reasonable
offset from UTC could be assumed.
Unlike the rfc2822 format, this format is very strict. Any variation in formatting will cause
fast-import to reject the value.
rfc2822
This is the standard email format as described by RFC 2822.
An example value is "Tue Feb 6 11:22:18 2007 -0500". The Git parser is accurate, but a little on
the lenient side. It is the same parser used by git am when applying patches received from email.
Some malformed strings may be accepted as valid dates. In some of these cases Git will still be
able to obtain the correct date from the malformed string. There are also some types of malformed
strings which Git will parse wrong, and yet consider valid. Seriously malformed strings will be
rejected.
Unlike the raw format above, the timezone/UTC offset information contained in an RFC 2822 date
string is used to adjust the date value to UTC prior to storage. Therefore it is important that
this information be as accurate as possible.
If the source material uses RFC 2822 style dates, the frontend should let fast-import handle the
parsing and conversion (rather than attempting to do it itself) as the Git parser has been well
tested in the wild.
Frontends should prefer the raw format if the source material already uses UNIX-epoch format, can
be coaxed to give dates in that format, or its format is easily convertible to it, as there is no
ambiguity in parsing.
now
Always use the current time and timezone. The literal now must always be supplied for <when>.
This is a toy format. The current time and timezone of this system is always copied into the
identity string at the time it is being created by fast-import. There is no way to specify a
different time or timezone.
This particular format is supplied as it's short to implement and may be useful to a process that
wants to create a new commit right now, without needing to use a working directory or git
update-index.
If separate author and committer commands are used in a commit the timestamps may not match, as
the system clock will be polled twice (once for each command). The only way to ensure that both
author and committer identity information has the same timestamp is to omit author (thus copying
from committer) or to use a date format other than now.
Commands
fast-import accepts several commands to update the current repository and control the current import
process. More detailed discussion (with examples) of each command follows later.
commit
Creates a new branch or updates an existing branch by creating a new commit and updating the
branch to point at the newly created commit.
tag
Creates an annotated tag object from an existing commit or branch. Lightweight tags are not
supported by this command, as they are not recommended for recording meaningful points in time.
reset
Reset an existing branch (or a new branch) to a specific revision. This command must be used to
change a branch to a specific revision without making a commit on it.
blob
Convert raw file data into a blob, for future use in a commit command. This command is optional
and is not needed to perform an import.
checkpoint
Forces fast-import to close the current packfile, generate its unique SHA-1 checksum and index,
and start a new packfile. This command is optional and is not needed to perform an import.
progress
Causes fast-import to echo the entire line to its own standard output. This command is optional
and is not needed to perform an import.
done
Marks the end of the stream. This command is optional unless the done feature was requested using
the --done command line option or feature done command.
cat-blob
Causes fast-import to print a blob in cat-file --batch format to the file descriptor set with
--cat-blob-fd or stdout if unspecified.
ls
Causes fast-import to print a line describing a directory entry in ls-tree format to the file
descriptor set with --cat-blob-fd or stdout if unspecified.
feature
Require that fast-import supports the specified feature, or abort if it does not.
option
Specify any of the options listed under OPTIONS that do not change stream semantic to suit the
frontend's needs. This command is optional and is not needed to perform an import.
commit
Create or update a branch with a new commit, recording one logical change to the project.
'commit' SP <ref> LF
mark?
('author' (SP <name>)? SP LT <email> GT SP <when> LF)?
'committer' (SP <name>)? SP LT <email> GT SP <when> LF
data
('from' SP <committish> LF)?
('merge' SP <committish> LF)?
(filemodify | filedelete | filecopy | filerename | filedeleteall | notemodify)*
LF?
where <ref> is the name of the branch to make the commit on. Typically branch names are prefixed with
refs/heads/ in Git, so importing the CVS branch symbol RELENG-1_0 would use refs/heads/RELENG-1_0 for
the value of <ref>. The value of <ref> must be a valid refname in Git. As LF is not valid in a Git
refname, no quoting or escaping syntax is supported here.
A mark command may optionally appear, requesting fast-import to save a reference to the newly created
commit for future use by the frontend (see below for format). It is very common for frontends to mark
every commit they create, thereby allowing future branch creation from any imported commit.
The data command following committer must supply the commit message (see below for data command
syntax). To import an empty commit message use a 0 length data. Commit messages are free-form and are
not interpreted by Git. Currently they must be encoded in UTF-8, as fast-import does not permit other
encodings to be specified.
Zero or more filemodify, filedelete, filecopy, filerename, filedeleteall and notemodify commands may
be included to update the contents of the branch prior to creating the commit. These commands may be
supplied in any order. However it is recommended that a filedeleteall command precede all filemodify,
filecopy, filerename and notemodify commands in the same commit, as filedeleteall wipes the branch
clean (see below).
The LF after the command is optional (it used to be required).
author
An author command may optionally appear, if the author information might differ from the
committer information. If author is omitted then fast-import will automatically use the
committer's information for the author portion of the commit. See below for a description of the
fields in author, as they are identical to committer.
committer
The committer command indicates who made this commit, and when they made it.
Here <name> is the person's display name (for example "Com M Itter") and <email> is the person's
email address ("cm@example.com"). LT and GT are the literal less-than (\x3c) and greater-than
(\x3e) symbols. These are required to delimit the email address from the other fields in the
line. Note that <name> and <email> are free-form and may contain any sequence of bytes, except
LT, GT and LF. <name> is typically UTF-8 encoded.
The time of the change is specified by <when> using the date format that was selected by the
--date-format=<fmt> command line option. See "Date Formats" above for the set of supported
formats, and their syntax.
from
The from command is used to specify the commit to initialize this branch from. This revision will
be the first ancestor of the new commit. The state of the tree built at this commit will begin
with the state at the from commit, and be altered by the content modifications in this commit.
Omitting the from command in the first commit of a new branch will cause fast-import to create
that commit with no ancestor. This tends to be desired only for the initial commit of a project.
If the frontend creates all files from scratch when making a new branch, a merge command may be
used instead of from to start the commit with an empty tree. Omitting the from command on
existing branches is usually desired, as the current commit on that branch is automatically
assumed to be the first ancestor of the new commit.
As LF is not valid in a Git refname or SHA-1 expression, no quoting or escaping syntax is
supported within <committish>.
Here <committish> is any of the following:
• The name of an existing branch already in fast-import's internal branch table. If fast-import
doesn't know the name, it's treated as a SHA-1 expression.
• A mark reference, :<idnum>, where <idnum> is the mark number.
The reason fast-import uses : to denote a mark reference is this character is not legal in a
Git branch name. The leading : makes it easy to distinguish between the mark 42 (:42) and the
branch 42 (42 or refs/heads/42), or an abbreviated SHA-1 which happened to consist only of
base-10 digits.
Marks must be declared (via mark) before they can be used.
• A complete 40 byte or abbreviated commit SHA-1 in hex.
• Any valid Git SHA-1 expression that resolves to a commit. See "SPECIFYING REVISIONS" in
gitrevisions(7) for details.
The special case of restarting an incremental import from the current branch value should be
written as:
from refs/heads/branch^0
The ^0 suffix is necessary as fast-import does not permit a branch to start from itself, and the
branch is created in memory before the from command is even read from the input. Adding ^0 will
force fast-import to resolve the commit through Git's revision parsing library, rather than its
internal branch table, thereby loading in the existing value of the branch.
merge
Includes one additional ancestor commit. The additional ancestry link does not change the way the
tree state is built at this commit. If the from command is omitted when creating a new branch,
the first merge commit will be the first ancestor of the current commit, and the branch will
start out with no files. An unlimited number of merge commands per commit are permitted by
fast-import, thereby establishing an n-way merge. However Git's other tools never create commits
with more than 15 additional ancestors (forming a 16-way merge). For this reason it is suggested
that frontends do not use more than 15 merge commands per commit; 16, if starting a new, empty
branch.
Here <committish> is any of the commit specification expressions also accepted by from (see
above).
filemodify
Included in a commit command to add a new file or change the content of an existing file. This
command has two different means of specifying the content of the file.
External data format
The data content for the file was already supplied by a prior blob command. The frontend just
needs to connect it.
'M' SP <mode> SP <dataref> SP <path> LF
Here usually <dataref> must be either a mark reference (:<idnum>) set by a prior blob
command, or a full 40-byte SHA-1 of an existing Git blob object. If <mode> is 040000` then
<dataref> must be the full 40-byte SHA-1 of an existing Git tree object or a mark reference
set with --import-marks.
Inline data format
The data content for the file has not been supplied yet. The frontend wants to supply it as
part of this modify command.
'M' SP <mode> SP 'inline' SP <path> LF
data
See below for a detailed description of the data command.
In both formats <mode> is the type of file entry, specified in octal. Git only supports the
following modes:
• 100644 or 644: A normal (not-executable) file. The majority of files in most projects use
this mode. If in doubt, this is what you want.
• 100755 or 755: A normal, but executable, file.
• 120000: A symlink, the content of the file will be the link target.
• 160000: A gitlink, SHA-1 of the object refers to a commit in another repository. Git links
can only be specified by SHA or through a commit mark. They are used to implement submodules.
• 040000: A subdirectory. Subdirectories can only be specified by SHA or through a tree mark
set with --import-marks.
In both formats <path> is the complete path of the file to be added (if not already existing) or
modified (if already existing).
A <path> string must use UNIX-style directory separators (forward slash /), may contain any byte
other than LF, and must not start with double quote (").
A path can use C-style string quoting; this is accepted in all cases and mandatory if the
filename starts with double quote or contains LF. In C-style quoting, the complete name should be
surrounded with double quotes, and any LF, backslash, or double quote characters must be escaped
by preceding them with a backslash (e.g., "path/with\n, \\ and \" in it").
The value of <path> must be in canonical form. That is it must not:
• contain an empty directory component (e.g. foo//bar is invalid),
• end with a directory separator (e.g. foo/ is invalid),
• start with a directory separator (e.g. /foo is invalid),
• contain the special component . or .. (e.g. foo/./bar and foo/../bar are invalid).
The root of the tree can be represented by an empty string as <path>.
It is recommended that <path> always be encoded using UTF-8.
filedelete
Included in a commit command to remove a file or recursively delete an entire directory from the
branch. If the file or directory removal makes its parent directory empty, the parent directory
will be automatically removed too. This cascades up the tree until the first non-empty directory
or the root is reached.
'D' SP <path> LF
here <path> is the complete path of the file or subdirectory to be removed from the branch. See
filemodify above for a detailed description of <path>.
filecopy
Recursively copies an existing file or subdirectory to a different location within the branch.
The existing file or directory must exist. If the destination exists it will be completely
replaced by the content copied from the source.
'C' SP <path> SP <path> LF
here the first <path> is the source location and the second <path> is the destination. See
filemodify above for a detailed description of what <path> may look like. To use a source path
that contains SP the path must be quoted.
A filecopy command takes effect immediately. Once the source location has been copied to the
destination any future commands applied to the source location will not impact the destination of
the copy.
filerename
Renames an existing file or subdirectory to a different location within the branch. The existing
file or directory must exist. If the destination exists it will be replaced by the source
directory.
'R' SP <path> SP <path> LF
here the first <path> is the source location and the second <path> is the destination. See
filemodify above for a detailed description of what <path> may look like. To use a source path
that contains SP the path must be quoted.
A filerename command takes effect immediately. Once the source location has been renamed to the
destination any future commands applied to the source location will create new files there and
not impact the destination of the rename.
Note that a filerename is the same as a filecopy followed by a filedelete of the source location.
There is a slight performance advantage to using filerename, but the advantage is so small that
it is never worth trying to convert a delete/add pair in source material into a rename for
fast-import. This filerename command is provided just to simplify frontends that already have
rename information and don't want bother with decomposing it into a filecopy followed by a
filedelete.
filedeleteall
Included in a commit command to remove all files (and also all directories) from the branch. This
command resets the internal branch structure to have no files in it, allowing the frontend to
subsequently add all interesting files from scratch.
'deleteall' LF
This command is extremely useful if the frontend does not know (or does not care to know) what
files are currently on the branch, and therefore cannot generate the proper filedelete commands
to update the content.
Issuing a filedeleteall followed by the needed filemodify commands to set the correct content
will produce the same results as sending only the needed filemodify and filedelete commands. The
filedeleteall approach may however require fast-import to use slightly more memory per active
branch (less than 1 MiB for even most large projects); so frontends that can easily obtain only
the affected paths for a commit are encouraged to do so.
notemodify
Included in a commit <notes_ref> command to add a new note annotating a <committish> or change
this annotation contents. Internally it is similar to filemodify 100644 on <committish> path
(maybe split into subdirectories). It's not advised to use any other commands to write to the
<notes_ref> tree except filedeleteall to delete all existing notes in this tree. This command has
two different means of specifying the content of the note.
External data format
The data content for the note was already supplied by a prior blob command. The frontend just
needs to connect it to the commit that is to be annotated.
'N' SP <dataref> SP <committish> LF
Here <dataref> can be either a mark reference (:<idnum>) set by a prior blob command, or a
full 40-byte SHA-1 of an existing Git blob object.
Inline data format
The data content for the note has not been supplied yet. The frontend wants to supply it as
part of this modify command.
'N' SP 'inline' SP <committish> LF
data
See below for a detailed description of the data command.
In both formats <committish> is any of the commit specification expressions also accepted by from
(see above).
mark
Arranges for fast-import to save a reference to the current object, allowing the frontend to recall
this object at a future point in time, without knowing its SHA-1. Here the current object is the
object creation command the mark command appears within. This can be commit, tag, and blob, but
commit is the most common usage.
'mark' SP ':' <idnum> LF
where <idnum> is the number assigned by the frontend to this mark. The value of <idnum> is expressed
as an ASCII decimal integer. The value 0 is reserved and cannot be used as a mark. Only values
greater than or equal to 1 may be used as marks.
New marks are created automatically. Existing marks can be moved to another object simply by reusing
the same <idnum> in another mark command.
tag
Creates an annotated tag referring to a specific commit. To create lightweight (non-annotated) tags
see the reset command below.
'tag' SP <name> LF
'from' SP <committish> LF
'tagger' (SP <name>)? SP LT <email> GT SP <when> LF
data
where <name> is the name of the tag to create.
Tag names are automatically prefixed with refs/tags/ when stored in Git, so importing the CVS branch
symbol RELENG-1_0-FINAL would use just RELENG-1_0-FINAL for <name>, and fast-import will write the
corresponding ref as refs/tags/RELENG-1_0-FINAL.
The value of <name> must be a valid refname in Git and therefore may contain forward slashes. As LF
is not valid in a Git refname, no quoting or escaping syntax is supported here.
The from command is the same as in the commit command; see above for details.
The tagger command uses the same format as committer within commit; again see above for details.
The data command following tagger must supply the annotated tag message (see below for data command
syntax). To import an empty tag message use a 0 length data. Tag messages are free-form and are not
interpreted by Git. Currently they must be encoded in UTF-8, as fast-import does not permit other
encodings to be specified.
Signing annotated tags during import from within fast-import is not supported. Trying to include your
own PGP/GPG signature is not recommended, as the frontend does not (easily) have access to the
complete set of bytes which normally goes into such a signature. If signing is required, create
lightweight tags from within fast-import with reset, then create the annotated versions of those tags
offline with the standard git tag process.
reset
Creates (or recreates) the named branch, optionally starting from a specific revision. The reset
command allows a frontend to issue a new from command for an existing branch, or to create a new
branch from an existing commit without creating a new commit.
'reset' SP <ref> LF
('from' SP <committish> LF)?
LF?
For a detailed description of <ref> and <committish> see above under commit and from.
The LF after the command is optional (it used to be required).
The reset command can also be used to create lightweight (non-annotated) tags. For example:
reset refs/tags/938
from :938
would create the lightweight tag refs/tags/938 referring to whatever commit mark :938 references.
blob
Requests writing one file revision to the packfile. The revision is not connected to any commit; this
connection must be formed in a subsequent commit command by referencing the blob through an assigned
mark.
'blob' LF
mark?
data
The mark command is optional here as some frontends have chosen to generate the Git SHA-1 for the
blob on their own, and feed that directly to commit. This is typically more work than it's worth
however, as marks are inexpensive to store and easy to use.
data
Supplies raw data (for use as blob/file content, commit messages, or annotated tag messages) to
fast-import. Data can be supplied using an exact byte count or delimited with a terminating line.
Real frontends intended for production-quality conversions should always use the exact byte count
format, as it is more robust and performs better. The delimited format is intended primarily for
testing fast-import.
Comment lines appearing within the <raw> part of data commands are always taken to be part of the
body of the data and are therefore never ignored by fast-import. This makes it safe to import any
file/message content whose lines might start with #.
Exact byte count format
The frontend must specify the number of bytes of data.
'data' SP <count> LF
<raw> LF?
where <count> is the exact number of bytes appearing within <raw>. The value of <count> is
expressed as an ASCII decimal integer. The LF on either side of <raw> is not included in <count>
and will not be included in the imported data.
The LF after <raw> is optional (it used to be required) but recommended. Always including it
makes debugging a fast-import stream easier as the next command always starts in column 0 of the
next line, even if <raw> did not end with an LF.
Delimited format
A delimiter string is used to mark the end of the data. fast-import will compute the length by
searching for the delimiter. This format is primarily useful for testing and is not recommended
for real data.
'data' SP '<<' <delim> LF
<raw> LF
<delim> LF
LF?
where <delim> is the chosen delimiter string. The string <delim> must not appear on a line by
itself within <raw>, as otherwise fast-import will think the data ends earlier than it really
does. The LF immediately trailing <raw> is part of <raw>. This is one of the limitations of the
delimited format, it is impossible to supply a data chunk which does not have an LF as its last
byte.
The LF after <delim> LF is optional (it used to be required).
checkpoint
Forces fast-import to close the current packfile, start a new one, and to save out all current branch
refs, tags and marks.
'checkpoint' LF
LF?
Note that fast-import automatically switches packfiles when the current packfile reaches
--max-pack-size, or 4 GiB, whichever limit is smaller. During an automatic packfile switch
fast-import does not update the branch refs, tags or marks.
As a checkpoint can require a significant amount of CPU time and disk IO (to compute the overall pack
SHA-1 checksum, generate the corresponding index file, and update the refs) it can easily take
several minutes for a single checkpoint command to complete.
Frontends may choose to issue checkpoints during extremely large and long running imports, or when
they need to allow another Git process access to a branch. However given that a 30 GiB Subversion
repository can be loaded into Git through fast-import in about 3 hours, explicit checkpointing may
not be necessary.
The LF after the command is optional (it used to be required).
progress
Causes fast-import to print the entire progress line unmodified to its standard output channel (file
descriptor 1) when the command is processed from the input stream. The command otherwise has no
impact on the current import, or on any of fast-import's internal state.
'progress' SP <any> LF
LF?
The <any> part of the command may contain any sequence of bytes that does not contain LF. The LF
after the command is optional. Callers may wish to process the output through a tool such as sed to
remove the leading part of the line, for example:
frontend | git fast-import | sed 's/^progress //'
Placing a progress command immediately after a checkpoint will inform the reader when the checkpoint
has been completed and it can safely access the refs that fast-import updated.
cat-blob
Causes fast-import to print a blob to a file descriptor previously arranged with the --cat-blob-fd
argument. The command otherwise has no impact on the current import; its main purpose is to retrieve
blobs that may be in fast-import's memory but not accessible from the target repository.
'cat-blob' SP <dataref> LF
The <dataref> can be either a mark reference (:<idnum>) set previously or a full 40-byte SHA-1 of a
Git blob, preexisting or ready to be written.
Output uses the same format as git cat-file --batch:
<sha1> SP 'blob' SP <size> LF
<contents> LF
This command can be used anywhere in the stream that comments are accepted. In particular, the
cat-blob command can be used in the middle of a commit but not in the middle of a data command.
See "Responses To Commands" below for details about how to read this output safely.
ls
Prints information about the object at a path to a file descriptor previously arranged with the
--cat-blob-fd argument. This allows printing a blob from the active commit (with cat-blob) or copying
a blob or tree from a previous commit for use in the current one (with filemodify).
The ls command can be used anywhere in the stream that comments are accepted, including the middle of
a commit.
Reading from the active commit
This form can only be used in the middle of a commit. The path names a directory entry within
fast-import's active commit. The path must be quoted in this case.
'ls' SP <path> LF
Reading from a named tree
The <dataref> can be a mark reference (:<idnum>) or the full 40-byte SHA-1 of a Git tag, commit,
or tree object, preexisting or waiting to be written. The path is relative to the top level of
the tree named by <dataref>.
'ls' SP <dataref> SP <path> LF
See filemodify above for a detailed description of <path>.
Output uses the same format as git ls-tree <tree> -- <path>:
<mode> SP ('blob' | 'tree' | 'commit') SP <dataref> HT <path> LF
The <dataref> represents the blob, tree, or commit object at <path> and can be used in later
cat-blob, filemodify, or ls commands.
If there is no file or subtree at that path, git fast-import will instead report
missing SP <path> LF
See "Responses To Commands" below for details about how to read this output safely.
feature
Require that fast-import supports the specified feature, or abort if it does not.
'feature' SP <feature> ('=' <argument>)? LF
The <feature> part of the command may be any one of the following:
date-format, export-marks, relative-marks, no-relative-marks, force
Act as though the corresponding command-line option with a leading -- was passed on the command
line (see OPTIONS, above).
import-marks, import-marks-if-exists
Like --import-marks except in two respects: first, only one "feature import-marks" or "feature
import-marks-if-exists" command is allowed per stream; second, an --import-marks= or
--import-marks-if-exists command-line option overrides any of these "feature" commands in the
stream; third, "feature import-marks-if-exists" like a corresponding command-line option silently
skips a nonexistent file.
cat-blob, ls
Require that the backend support the cat-blob or ls command. Versions of fast-import not
supporting the specified command will exit with a message indicating so. This lets the import
error out early with a clear message, rather than wasting time on the early part of an import
before the unsupported command is detected.
notes
Require that the backend support the notemodify (N) subcommand to the commit command. Versions of
fast-import not supporting notes will exit with a message indicating so.
done
Error out if the stream ends without a done command. Without this feature, errors causing the
frontend to end abruptly at a convenient point in the stream can go undetected. This may occur,
for example, if an import front end dies in mid-operation without emitting SIGTERM or SIGKILL at
its subordinate git fast-import instance.
option
Processes the specified option so that git fast-import behaves in a way that suits the frontend's
needs. Note that options specified by the frontend are overridden by any options the user may specify
to git fast-import itself.
'option' SP <option> LF
The <option> part of the command may contain any of the options listed in the OPTIONS section that do
not change import semantics, without the leading -- and is treated in the same way.
Option commands must be the first commands on the input (not counting feature commands), to give an
option command after any non-option command is an error.
The following commandline options change import semantics and may therefore not be passed as option:
• date-format
• import-marks
• export-marks
• cat-blob-fd
• force
done
If the done feature is not in use, treated as if EOF was read. This can be used to tell fast-import
to finish early.
If the --done command line option or feature done command is in use, the done command is mandatory
and marks the end of the stream.
RESPONSES TO COMMANDS
New objects written by fast-import are not available immediately. Most fast-import commands have no
visible effect until the next checkpoint (or completion). The frontend can send commands to fill
fast-import's input pipe without worrying about how quickly they will take effect, which improves
performance by simplifying scheduling.
For some frontends, though, it is useful to be able to read back data from the current repository as
it is being updated (for example when the source material describes objects in terms of patches to be
applied to previously imported objects). This can be accomplished by connecting the frontend and
fast-import via bidirectional pipes:
mkfifo fast-import-output
frontend <fast-import-output |
git fast-import >fast-import-output
A frontend set up this way can use progress, ls, and cat-blob commands to read information from the
import in progress.
To avoid deadlock, such frontends must completely consume any pending output from progress, ls, and
cat-blob before performing writes to fast-import that might block.
CRASH REPORTS
If fast-import is supplied invalid input it will terminate with a non-zero exit status and create a
crash report in the top level of the Git repository it was importing into. Crash reports contain a
snapshot of the internal fast-import state as well as the most recent commands that lead up to the
crash.
All recent commands (including stream comments, file changes and progress commands) are shown in the
command history within the crash report, but raw file data and commit messages are excluded from the
crash report. This exclusion saves space within the report file and reduces the amount of buffering
that fast-import must perform during execution.
After writing a crash report fast-import will close the current packfile and export the marks table.
This allows the frontend developer to inspect the repository state and resume the import from the
point where it crashed. The modified branches and tags are not updated during a crash, as the import
did not complete successfully. Branch and tag information can be found in the crash report and must
be applied manually if the update is needed.
An example crash:
$ cat >in <<END_OF_INPUT
# my very first test commit
commit refs/heads/master
committer Shawn O. Pearce <spearce> 19283 -0400
# who is that guy anyway?
data <<EOF
this is my commit
EOF
M 644 inline .gitignore
data <<EOF
.gitignore
EOF
M 777 inline bob
END_OF_INPUT
$ git fast-import <in
fatal: Corrupt mode: M 777 inline bob
fast-import: dumping crash report to .git/fast_import_crash_8434
$ cat .git/fast_import_crash_8434
fast-import crash report:
fast-import process: 8434
parent process : 1391
at Sat Sep 1 00:58:12 2007
fatal: Corrupt mode: M 777 inline bob
Most Recent Commands Before Crash
---------------------------------
# my very first test commit
commit refs/heads/master
committer Shawn O. Pearce <spearce> 19283 -0400
# who is that guy anyway?
data <<EOF
M 644 inline .gitignore
data <<EOF
* M 777 inline bob
Active Branch LRU
-----------------
active_branches = 1 cur, 5 max
pos clock name
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
1) 0 refs/heads/master
Inactive Branches
-----------------refs/heads/master: ----------------refs/heads/master:
refs/heads/master:
status : active loaded dirty
tip commit : 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
old tree : 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
cur tree : 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000
commit clock: 0
last pack :
-------------------END ------------------END
END OF CRASH REPORT
TIPS AND TRICKS
The following tips and tricks have been collected from various users of fast-import, and are offered
here as suggestions.
Use One Mark Per Commit
When doing a repository conversion, use a unique mark per commit (mark :<n>) and supply the
--export-marks option on the command line. fast-import will dump a file which lists every mark and
the Git object SHA-1 that corresponds to it. If the frontend can tie the marks back to the source
repository, it is easy to verify the accuracy and completeness of the import by comparing each Git
commit to the corresponding source revision.
Coming from a system such as Perforce or Subversion this should be quite simple, as the fast-import
mark can also be the Perforce changeset number or the Subversion revision number.
Freely Skip Around Branches
Don't bother trying to optimize the frontend to stick to one branch at a time during an import.
Although doing so might be slightly faster for fast-import, it tends to increase the complexity of
the frontend code considerably.
The branch LRU builtin to fast-import tends to behave very well, and the cost of activating an
inactive branch is so low that bouncing around between branches has virtually no impact on import
performance.
Handling Renames
When importing a renamed file or directory, simply delete the old name(s) and modify the new name(s)
during the corresponding commit. Git performs rename detection after-the-fact, rather than explicitly
during a commit.
Use Tag Fixup Branches
Some other SCM systems let the user create a tag from multiple files which are not from the same
commit/changeset. Or to create tags which are a subset of the files available in the repository.
Importing these tags as-is in Git is impossible without making at least one commit which "fixes up"
the files to match the content of the tag. Use fast-import's reset command to reset a dummy branch
outside of your normal branch space to the base commit for the tag, then commit one or more file
fixup commits, and finally tag the dummy branch.
For example since all normal branches are stored under refs/heads/ name the tag fixup branch
TAG_FIXUP. This way it is impossible for the fixup branch used by the importer to have namespace
conflicts with real branches imported from the source (the name TAG_FIXUP is not
refs/heads/TAG_FIXUP).
When committing fixups, consider using merge to connect the commit(s) which are supplying file
revisions to the fixup branch. Doing so will allow tools such as git blame to track through the real
commit history and properly annotate the source files.
After fast-import terminates the frontend will need to do rm .git/TAG_FIXUP to remove the dummy
branch.
Import Now, Repack Later
As soon as fast-import completes the Git repository is completely valid and ready for use. Typically
this takes only a very short time, even for considerably large projects (100,000+ commits).
However repacking the repository is necessary to improve data locality and access performance. It can
also take hours on extremely large projects (especially if -f and a large --window parameter is
used). Since repacking is safe to run alongside readers and writers, run the repack in the background
and let it finish when it finishes. There is no reason to wait to explore your new Git project!
If you choose to wait for the repack, don't try to run benchmarks or performance tests until
repacking is completed. fast-import outputs suboptimal packfiles that are simply never seen in real
use situations.
Repacking Historical Data
If you are repacking very old imported data (e.g. older than the last year), consider expending some
extra CPU time and supplying --window=50 (or higher) when you run git repack. This will take longer,
but will also produce a smaller packfile. You only need to expend the effort once, and everyone using
your project will benefit from the smaller repository.
Include Some Progress Messages
Every once in a while have your frontend emit a progress message to fast-import. The contents of the
messages are entirely free-form, so one suggestion would be to output the current month and year each
time the current commit date moves into the next month. Your users will feel better knowing how much
of the data stream has been processed.
PACKFILE OPTIMIZATION
When packing a blob fast-import always attempts to deltify against the last blob written. Unless
specifically arranged for by the frontend, this will probably not be a prior version of the same
file, so the generated delta will not be the smallest possible. The resulting packfile will be
compressed, but will not be optimal.
Frontends which have efficient access to all revisions of a single file (for example reading an
RCS/CVS ,v file) can choose to supply all revisions of that file as a sequence of consecutive blob
commands. This allows fast-import to deltify the different file revisions against each other, saving
space in the final packfile. Marks can be used to later identify individual file revisions during a
sequence of commit commands.
The packfile(s) created by fast-import do not encourage good disk access patterns. This is caused by
fast-import writing the data in the order it is received on standard input, while Git typically
organizes data within packfiles to make the most recent (current tip) data appear before historical
data. Git also clusters commits together, speeding up revision traversal through better cache
locality.
For this reason it is strongly recommended that users repack the repository with git repack -a -d
after fast-import completes, allowing Git to reorganize the packfiles for faster data access. If blob
deltas are suboptimal (see above) then also adding the -f option to force recomputation of all deltas
can significantly reduce the final packfile size (30-50% smaller can be quite typical).
MEMORY UTILIZATION
There are a number of factors which affect how much memory fast-import requires to perform an import.
Like critical sections of core Git, fast-import uses its own memory allocators to amortize any
overheads associated with malloc. In practice fast-import tends to amortize any malloc overheads to
0, due to its use of large block allocations.
per object
fast-import maintains an in-memory structure for every object written in this execution. On a 32 bit
system the structure is 32 bytes, on a 64 bit system the structure is 40 bytes (due to the larger
pointer sizes). Objects in the table are not deallocated until fast-import terminates. Importing 2
million objects on a 32 bit system will require approximately 64 MiB of memory.
The object table is actually a hashtable keyed on the object name (the unique SHA-1). This storage
configuration allows fast-import to reuse an existing or already written object and avoid writing
duplicates to the output packfile. Duplicate blobs are surprisingly common in an import, typically
due to branch merges in the source.
per mark
Marks are stored in a sparse array, using 1 pointer (4 bytes or 8 bytes, depending on pointer size)
per mark. Although the array is sparse, frontends are still strongly encouraged to use marks between
1 and n, where n is the total number of marks required for this import.
per branch
Branches are classified as active and inactive. The memory usage of the two classes is significantly
different.
Inactive branches are stored in a structure which uses 96 or 120 bytes (32 bit or 64 bit systems,
respectively), plus the length of the branch name (typically under 200 bytes), per branch.
fast-import will easily handle as many as 10,000 inactive branches in under 2 MiB of memory.
Active branches have the same overhead as inactive branches, but also contain copies of every tree
that has been recently modified on that branch. If subtree include has not been modified since the
branch became active, its contents will not be loaded into memory, but if subtree src has been
modified by a commit since the branch became active, then its contents will be loaded in memory.
As active branches store metadata about the files contained on that branch, their in-memory storage
size can grow to a considerable size (see below).
fast-import automatically moves active branches to inactive status based on a simple
least-recently-used algorithm. The LRU chain is updated on each commit command. The maximum number of
active branches can be increased or decreased on the command line with --active-branches=.
per active tree
Trees (aka directories) use just 12 bytes of memory on top of the memory required for their entries
(see "per active file" below). The cost of a tree is virtually 0, as its overhead amortizes out over
the individual file entries.
per active file entry
Files (and pointers to subtrees) within active trees require 52 or 64 bytes (32/64 bit platforms) per
entry. To conserve space, file and tree names are pooled in a common string table, allowing the
filename "Makefile" to use just 16 bytes (after including the string header overhead) no matter how
many times it occurs within the project.
The active branch LRU, when coupled with the filename string pool and lazy loading of subtrees,
allows fast-import to efficiently import projects with 2,000+ branches and 45,114+ files in a very
limited memory footprint (less than 2.7 MiB per active branch).
SIGNALS
Sending SIGUSR1 to the git fast-import process ends the current packfile early, simulating a
checkpoint command. The impatient operator can use this facility to peek at the objects and refs from
an import in progress, at the cost of some added running time and worse compression.
GIT
Part of the git(1) suite
Git 1.8.3 05/24/2013 GIT-FAST-IMPORT(1)
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