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H2XS(1)                               Perl Programmers Reference Guide                               H2XS(1)



NAME
       h2xs - convert .h C header files to Perl extensions

SYNOPSIS
       h2xs [OPTIONS ...] [headerfile ... [extra_libraries]]

       h2xs -h|-?|--help

DESCRIPTION
       h2xs builds a Perl extension from C header files.  The extension will include functions which can be
       used to retrieve the value of any #define statement which was in the C header files.

       The module_name will be used for the name of the extension.  If module_name is not supplied then the
       name of the first header file will be used, with the first character capitalized.

       If the extension might need extra libraries, they should be included here.  The extension Makefile.PL
       will take care of checking whether the libraries actually exist and how they should be loaded.  The
       extra libraries should be specified in the form -lm -lposix, etc, just as on the cc command line.  By
       default, the Makefile.PL will search through the library path determined by Configure.  That path can
       be augmented by including arguments of the form -L/another/library/path in the extra-libraries
       argument.

       In spite of its name, h2xs may also be used to create a skeleton pure Perl module. See the -X option.

OPTIONS
       -A, --omit-autoload
            Omit all autoload facilities.  This is the same as -c but also removes the "use AutoLoader"
            statement from the .pm file.

       -B, --beta-version
            Use an alpha/beta style version number.  Causes version number to be "0.00_01" unless -v is
            specified.

       -C, --omit-changes
            Omits creation of the Changes file, and adds a HISTORY section to the POD template.

       -F, --cpp-flags=addflags
            Additional flags to specify to C preprocessor when scanning header for function declarations.
            Writes these options in the generated Makefile.PL too.

       -M, --func-mask=regular expression
            selects functions/macros to process.

       -O, --overwrite-ok
            Allows a pre-existing extension directory to be overwritten.

       -P, --omit-pod
            Omit the autogenerated stub POD section.

       -X, --omit-XS
            Omit the XS portion. Used to generate a skeleton pure Perl module.  "-c" and "-f" are implicitly
            enabled.

       -a, --gen-accessors
            Generate an accessor method for each element of structs and unions. The generated methods are
            named after the element name; will return the current value of the element if called without
            additional arguments; and will set the element to the supplied value (and return the new value)
            if called with an additional argument. Embedded structures and unions are returned as a pointer
            rather than the complete structure, to facilitate chained calls.

            These methods all apply to the Ptr type for the structure; additionally two methods are
            constructed for the structure type itself, "_to_ptr" which returns a Ptr type pointing to the
            same structure, and a "new" method to construct and return a new structure, initialised to
            zeroes.

       -b, --compat-version=version
            Generates a .pm file which is backwards compatible with the specified perl version.

            For versions < 5.6.0, the changes are.
                - no use of 'our' (uses 'use vars' instead)
                - no 'use warnings'

            Specifying a compatibility version higher than the version of perl you are using to run h2xs
            will have no effect.  If unspecified h2xs will default to compatibility with the version of perl
            you are using to run h2xs.

       -c, --omit-constant
            Omit "constant()" from the .xs file and corresponding specialised "AUTOLOAD" from the .pm file.

       -d, --debugging
            Turn on debugging messages.

       -e, --omit-enums=[regular expression]
            If regular expression is not given, skip all constants that are defined in a C enumeration.
            Otherwise skip only those constants that are defined in an enum whose name matches regular
            expression.

            Since regular expression is optional, make sure that this switch is followed by at least one
            other switch if you omit regular expression and have some pending arguments such as header-file
            names. This is ok:

                h2xs -e -n Module::Foo foo.h

            This is not ok:

                h2xs -n Module::Foo -e foo.h

            In the latter, foo.h is taken as regular expression.

       -f, --force
            Allows an extension to be created for a header even if that header is not found in standard
            include directories.

       -g, --global
            Include code for safely storing static data in the .xs file.  Extensions that do no make use of
            static data can ignore this option.

       -h, -?, --help
            Print the usage, help and version for this h2xs and exit.

       -k, --omit-const-func
            For function arguments declared as "const", omit the const attribute in the generated XS code.

       -m, --gen-tied-var
            Experimental: for each variable declared in the header file(s), declare a perl variable of the
            same name magically tied to the C variable.

       -n, --name=module_name
            Specifies a name to be used for the extension, e.g., -n RPC::DCE

       -o, --opaque-re=regular expression
            Use "opaque" data type for the C types matched by the regular expression, even if these types
            are "typedef"-equivalent to types from typemaps.  Should not be used without -x.

            This may be useful since, say, types which are "typedef"-equivalent to integers may represent
            OS-related handles, and one may want to work with these handles in OO-way, as in
            "$handle->do_something()".  Use "-o ." if you want to handle all the "typedef"ed types as opaque
            types.

            The type-to-match is whitewashed (except for commas, which have no whitespace before them, and
            multiple "*" which have no whitespace between them).

       -p, --remove-prefix=prefix
            Specify a prefix which should be removed from the Perl function names, e.g., -p sec_rgy_ This
            sets up the XS PREFIX keyword and removes the prefix from functions that are autoloaded via the
            "constant()" mechanism.

       -s, --const-subs=sub1,sub2
            Create a perl subroutine for the specified macros rather than autoload with the constant()
            subroutine.  These macros are assumed to have a return type of char *, e.g.,
            -s sec_rgy_wildcard_name,sec_rgy_wildcard_sid.

       -t, --default-type=type
            Specify the internal type that the constant() mechanism uses for macros.  The default is IV
            (signed integer).  Currently all macros found during the header scanning process will be assumed
            to have this type.  Future versions of "h2xs" may gain the ability to make educated guesses.

       --use-new-tests
            When --compat-version (-b) is present the generated tests will use "Test::More" rather than
            "Test" which is the default for versions before 5.6.2.  "Test::More" will be added to PREREQ_PM
            in the generated "Makefile.PL".

       --use-old-tests
            Will force the generation of test code that uses the older "Test" module.

       --skip-exporter
            Do not use "Exporter" and/or export any symbol.

       --skip-ppport
            Do not use "Devel::PPPort": no portability to older version.

       --skip-autoloader
            Do not use the module "AutoLoader"; but keep the constant() function and "sub AUTOLOAD" for
            constants.

       --skip-strict
            Do not use the pragma "strict".

       --skip-warnings
            Do not use the pragma "warnings".

       -v, --version=version
            Specify a version number for this extension.  This version number is added to the templates.
            The default is 0.01, or 0.00_01 if "-B" is specified.  The version specified should be numeric.

       -x, --autogen-xsubs
            Automatically generate XSUBs basing on function declarations in the header file.  The package
            "C::Scan" should be installed. If this option is specified, the name of the header file may look
            like "NAME1,NAME2". In this case NAME1 is used instead of the specified string, but XSUBs are
            emitted only for the declarations included from file NAME2.

            Note that some types of arguments/return-values for functions may result in
            XSUB-declarations/typemap-entries which need hand-editing. Such may be objects which cannot be
            converted from/to a pointer (like "long long"), pointers to functions, or arrays.  See also the
            section on "LIMITATIONS of -x".

EXAMPLES
           # Default behavior, extension is Rusers
           h2xs rpcsvc/rusers

           # Same, but extension is RUSERS
           h2xs -n RUSERS rpcsvc/rusers

           # Extension is rpcsvc::rusers. Still finds <rpcsvc/rusers.h>
           h2xs rpcsvc::rusers

           # Extension is ONC::RPC.  Still finds <rpcsvc/rusers.h>
           h2xs -n ONC::RPC rpcsvc/rusers

           # Without constant() or AUTOLOAD
           h2xs -c rpcsvc/rusers

           # Creates templates for an extension named RPC
           h2xs -cfn RPC

           # Extension is ONC::RPC.
           h2xs -cfn ONC::RPC

           # Extension is a pure Perl module with no XS code.
           h2xs -X My::Module

           # Extension is Lib::Foo which works at least with Perl5.005_03.
           # Constants are created for all #defines and enums h2xs can find
           # in foo.h.
           h2xs -b 5.5.3 -n Lib::Foo foo.h

           # Extension is Lib::Foo which works at least with Perl5.005_03.
           # Constants are created for all #defines but only for enums
           # whose names do not start with 'bar_'.
           h2xs -b 5.5.3 -e '^bar_' -n Lib::Foo foo.h

           # Makefile.PL will look for library -lrpc in
           # additional directory /opt/net/lib
           h2xs rpcsvc/rusers -L/opt/net/lib -lrpc

           # Extension is DCE::rgynbase
           # prefix "sec_rgy_" is dropped from perl function names
           h2xs -n DCE::rgynbase -p sec_rgy_ dce/rgynbase

           # Extension is DCE::rgynbase
           # prefix "sec_rgy_" is dropped from perl function names
           # subroutines are created for sec_rgy_wildcard_name and
           # sec_rgy_wildcard_sid
           h2xs -n DCE::rgynbase -p sec_rgy_ \
           -s sec_rgy_wildcard_name,sec_rgy_wildcard_sid dce/rgynbase

           # Make XS without defines in perl.h, but with function declarations
           # visible from perl.h. Name of the extension is perl1.
           # When scanning perl.h, define -DEXT=extern -DdEXT= -DINIT(x)=
           # Extra backslashes below because the string is passed to shell.
           # Note that a directory with perl header files would
           #  be added automatically to include path.
           h2xs -xAn perl1 -F "-DEXT=extern -DdEXT= -DINIT\(x\)=" perl.h

           # Same with function declaration in proto.h as visible from perl.h.
           h2xs -xAn perl2 perl.h,proto.h

           # Same but select only functions which match /^av_/
           h2xs -M '^av_' -xAn perl2 perl.h,proto.h

           # Same but treat SV* etc as "opaque" types
           h2xs -o '^[S]V \*$' -M '^av_' -xAn perl2 perl.h,proto.h

   Extension based on .h and .c files
       Suppose that you have some C files implementing some functionality, and the corresponding header
       files.  How to create an extension which makes this functionality accessible in Perl?  The example
       below assumes that the header files are interface_simple.h and interface_hairy.h, and you want the
       perl module be named as "Ext::Ension".  If you need some preprocessor directives and/or linking with
       external libraries, see the flags "-F", "-L" and "-l" in "OPTIONS".

       Find the directory name
           Start with a dummy run of h2xs:

             h2xs -Afn Ext::Ension

           The only purpose of this step is to create the needed directories, and let you know the names of
           these directories.  From the output you can see that the directory for the extension is
           Ext/Ension.

       Copy C files
           Copy your header files and C files to this directory Ext/Ension.

       Create the extension
           Run h2xs, overwriting older autogenerated files:

             h2xs -Oxan Ext::Ension interface_simple.h interface_hairy.h

           h2xs looks for header files after changing to the extension directory, so it will find your
           header files OK.

       Archive and test
           As usual, run

             cd Ext/Ension
             perl Makefile.PL
             make dist
             make
             make test

       Hints
           It is important to do "make dist" as early as possible.  This way you can easily merge(1) your
           changes to autogenerated files if you decide to edit your ".h" files and rerun h2xs.

           Do not forget to edit the documentation in the generated .pm file.

           Consider the autogenerated files as skeletons only, you may invent better interfaces than what
           h2xs could guess.

           Consider this section as a guideline only, some other options of h2xs may better suit your needs.

ENVIRONMENT
       No environment variables are used.

AUTHOR
       Larry Wall and others

SEE ALSO
       perl, perlxstut, ExtUtils::MakeMaker, and AutoLoader.

DIAGNOSTICS
       The usual warnings if it cannot read or write the files involved.

LIMITATIONS of -x
       h2xs would not distinguish whether an argument to a C function which is of the form, say, "int *", is
       an input, output, or input/output parameter.  In particular, argument declarations of the form

           int
           foo(n)
               int *n

       should be better rewritten as

           int
           foo(n)
               int &n

       if "n" is an input parameter.

       Additionally, h2xs has no facilities to intuit that a function

          int
          foo(addr,l)
               char *addr
               int   l

       takes a pair of address and length of data at this address, so it is better to rewrite this function
       as

           int
           foo(sv)
                   SV *addr
               PREINIT:
                   STRLEN len;
                   char *s;
               CODE:
                   s = SvPV(sv,len);
                   RETVAL = foo(s, len);
               OUTPUT:
                   RETVAL

       or alternately

           static int
           my_foo(SV *sv)
           {
               STRLEN len;
               char *s = SvPV(sv,len);

               return foo(s, len);
           }

           MODULE = foo        PACKAGE = foo   PREFIX = my_

           int
           foo(sv)
               SV *sv

       See perlxs and perlxstut for additional details.



perl v5.16.2                                     2013-08-25                                          H2XS(1)