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java(1) java(1)
NAME
java - Java application launcher
SYNOPSIS
java [ options ] class [ argument... ]
java [ options ] -jar file.jar
[ argument... ]
PARAMETERS
options Command-line options.
class Name of the class to be invoked.
file.jar Name of the jar file to be invoked. Used only with the -jar option.
argument Argument passed to the main function.
DESCRIPTION
The java tool launches a Java application. It does this by starting a Java runtime environment,
loading a specified class, and invoking that class's main method. The method must be declared public
and static , it must not return any value, and it must accept a String array as a parameter. The
method declaration must look like the following:
public static void main(String args[])
By default, the first non-option argument is the name of the class to be invoked. A fully-qualified
class name should be used. If the -jar option is specified, the first non-option argument is the
name of a JAR archive containing class and resource files for the application, with the startup class
indicated by the Main-Class manifest header.
The Java runtime searches for the startup class, and other classes used, in three sets of locations:
the bootstrap class path, the installed extensions, and the user class path.
Non-option arguments after the class name or JAR file name are passed to the main function.
OPTIONS
The launcher has a set of standard options that are supported on the current runtime environment and
will be supported in future releases. In addition, the current impletmentations of the virtual
machines support a set of non-standard options that are subject to change in future releases.
Standard Options
-client Selects the Java HotSpot Client VM. For more information see Server-Class
Machine Detection at http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.5.0/docs/guide/vm/server-
class.html
-server Selects the Java HotSpot Server VM. For more information see Server-Class
Machine Detection at http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.5.0/docs/guide/vm/server-
class.html
-agentlib:libname[=options]
Load native agent library libname, e.g.,
-agentlib:hprof
-agentlib:jdwp=help
-agentlib:hprof=help
For more information, see JVMTI Agent Command Line Options at
http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.5.0/docs/guide/jvmti/jvmti.html
-agentpath:pathname[=options]
Load a native agent library by full pathname. For more information, see JVMTI Agent Command
Line Options at http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.5.0/docs/guide/jvmti/jvmti.html
-classpath classpath
-cp classpath
Specifies a list of directories, JAR archives, and ZIP archives to search for class files.
Class path entries are separated by colons (:). Specifying -classpath or -cp overrides any
setting of the CLASSPATH environment variable.
If -classpath and -cp are not used and CLASSPATH is not set, the user class path consists of
the current directory (.).
-Dproperty=value
Sets a system property value.
-d32, -d64
Specified whether the program is to be run in a 32-bit or 64-bit environment if available.
Currently, only the Java HotSpot Server VM supports 64-bit operations and the -server option
is implicit with the use of -d64 . This is subject to change in a future release.
If neither -d32 nor -d64 is specified, the default is to run in a 32-bit environment, except
for 64-bit only systems. This is subject to change in a future release.
-enableassertions :<package name>... |:<class name>
-ea :<package name>... |:<class name>
Enable assertions. Assertions are disabled by default.
With no arguments, enableassertions or -ea enable assertions. With one argument ending in
"...", the switch enables assertions in the specified package and any subpackages. If the
argument is simply "...", the switch enables assertions in the unnamed package in the current
working directory. With one argument not ending in "...", the switch enables assertions in the
specified class.
If a single command line contains multiple instances of these switches, they are processed in
order before loading any classes. So, for example, to run a program with assertions enabled
only in package com.wombat.fruitbat (and any subpackages), the following command could be
used:
java -ea:com.wombat.fruitbat... <Main Class>
The -enableassertions and -ea switches apply to all s loaders and to system classes (which do
not have a class loader). There is one exception to this rule: in their no-argument form, the
switches do not apply to system. This makes it easy to turn on asserts in all classes except
for system classes. A separate switch is provided to enable asserts in all system classes; see
-enablesystemassertions below.
-disableassertions :<package name>... |:<class name>
-da :<package name>... |:<class name>/fR
Disable assertions. This is the default.
With no arguments, disableassertions or -da disables assertions. With one argument ending in
"...", the switch disables assertions in the specified package and any subpackages. If the
argument is simply "...", the switch disables assertions in the unnamed package in the rent
working directory. With one argument not ending in "...", the switch disables assertions in
the specified class.
To run a program with assertions enabled in package com.wombat.fruitbat but disabled in class
com.wombat.fruitbat.Brickbat, the following command could be used:
java -ea:com.wombat.fruitbat... -da:com.wombat.fruitbat.Brickbat <Main Class>
The -disableassertions and -da switches apply to all ss loaders and to system classes (which
do not have a class loader). There is one exception to this rule: in their no-argument form,
the switches do not apply to system. This makes it easy to turn on asserts in all classes
except for system classes. A separate switch is provided to enable asserts in all system
classes; see -disablesystemassertions below.
-enablesystemassertions
-esa Enable asserts in all system classes (sets the default assertion status for system classes to
true).
-disablesystemassertions
-dsa Disables asserts in all system classes
-jar Execute a program encapsulated in a JAR archive. The first argument is the name of a JAR file
instead of a startup class name. In order for this option to work, the manifest of the JAR
file must contain a line of the form Main-Class:classname. Here, classname identifies the
class having the public static void main(String[] args) method that serves as your applica-tion's application's
tion's starting point. See the Jar tool reference page and the Jar trail of the Java Tutorial
for information about working with Jar files and Jar-file manifests.
When you use this option, the JAR file is the source of all user classes, and other user class
path settings are ignored.
Note that JAR files that can be run with the "java -jar" option can have their execute permis-sions permissions
sions set so they can be run without using "java -jar". Refer to Java Archive (JAR) Files.
-javaagent:jarpath[=options]
Load a Java programming language agent, see java.lang.instrument.
-verbose
-verbose:class
Displays information about each class loaded.
-verbose:gc
Reports on each garbage collection event.
-verbose:jni
Reports information about use of native methods and other Java Native Interface activity.
-version
Displays version information and exit.
-showversion
Displays version information and continues.
-?
-help Displays usage information and exit.
-X Displays information about non-standard options and exit.
Non-Standard Options
-Xint Operates in interpreted-only mode. Compilation to native code is disabled, and
all bytecodes are executed by the interpreter. The performance benefits offered
by the Java HotSpot VMs' adaptive compiler will not be present in this mode.
-Xbatch Disable background compilation. Normally the VM will compile the method as a
background task, running the method in interpreter mode until the background com-pilation compilation
pilation is finished. The -Xbatch flag disables background compilation so that
compilation of all methods proceeds as a foreground task until completed.
-Xdebug Start with support for JVMDI enabled. JVMDI has been deprecated and is not used
for debugging in J2SE 5.0, so this option isn't needed for debugging in J2SE 5.0.
-Xbootclasspath:bootclasspath
Specify a colon-separated list of directories, JAR archives, and ZIP archives to
search for boot class files. These are used in place of the boot class files
included in the Java 2 SDK. Note: Applications that use this option for the pur-pose purpose
pose of overriding a class in rt.jar should not be deployed as doing so would
contravene the Java 2 Runtime Environment binary code license.
-Xbootclasspath/a:path
Specifies a colon-separated path of directories, JAR archives, and ZIP archives
to append to the default bootstrap class path.
-Xbootclasspath/p:path
Specifies a colon-separated path of directories, JAR archives, and ZIP archives
to prepend in front of the default bootstrap class path. Note: Applications that
use this option for the purpose of overriding a class in rt.jar should not be
deployed, as doing so would contravene the Java 2 Runtime Environment binary code
license.
-Xcheck:jni Perform additional checks for Java Native Interface (JNI) functions. Specifi-cally, Specifically,
cally, the Java Virtual Machine validates the parameters passed to the JNI func-tion function
tion as well as the runtime environment data before processing the JNI request.
Any invalid data encountered indicates a problem in the native code, and the Java
Virtual Machine will terminate with a fatal error in such cases. Expect a perfor-mance performance
mance degradation when this option is used.
-Xfuture Performs strict class-file format checks. For purposes of backwards compatibil-ity, compatibility,
ity, the default format checks performed by the Java 2 SDK's virtual machine are
no stricter than the checks performed by 1.1.x versions of the JDK software. The
-Xfuture flag turns on stricter class-file format checks that enforce closer con-formance conformance
formance to the class-file format specification. Developers are encouraged to
use this flag when developing new code because the stricter checks will become
the default in future releases of the Java application launcher.
-Xnoclassgc Disables class garbage collection
-Xincgc Enable the incremental garbage collector. The incremental garbage collector,
which is off by default, will reduce the occasional garbage-collection pauses
during program execution. The incremental garbage collector will at times execute
concurrently with the program and during such times will reduce the processor
capacity available to the program.
-Xloggc: file Report on each garbage collection event, as with -verbose:gc, but log this data
to file. In addition to the information -verbose:gc gives, each reported event
will be preceeded by the time (in seconds) since the first garbage-collection
event.
Always use a local file system for storage of this file to avoid stalling the JVM
due to network latency. The file may be truncated in the case of a full file
system and logging will continue on the truncated file. This option overrides
-verbose:gc if both are given on the command line.
-Xmsn Specifies the initial size of the memory allocation pool. This value must be a
multiple of 1024 greater than 1 MB. Append the letter k or K to indicate kilo-bytes, kilobytes,
bytes, the letter m or M to indicate megabytes, the letter g or G to indicate
gigabytes, or the letter t or T to indicate terabytes. The default value is 2MB.
Examples:
-Xms6291456
-Xms6144k
-Xms6m
-Xmxn Specifies the maximum size, in bytes, of the memory allocation pool. This value
must be a multiple of 1024 greater than 2 MB. Append the letter k or K to indi-cate indicate
cate kilobytes, the letter m or M to indicate megabytes, the letter g or G to
indicate gigabytes, or the letter t or T to indicate terabytes. The default
value is 64MB. Examples:
-Xmx83886080
-Xmx81920k
-Xmx80m
On Mac OS X platforms, the upper limit for this value when running in 32-bit mode
(-d32) is approximately 2100m minus overhead amounts, and approximately 127t
minus overhead amounts when running in 64-bit mode (-d64). On Solaris 7 and
Solaris 8 SPARC platforms, the upper limit for this value is approximately 4000m
minus overhead amounts. On Solaris 2.6 and x86 platforms, the upper limit is
approximately 2000m minus overhead amounts. On Linux platforms, the upper limit
is approximately 2000m minus overhead amounts.
-Xprof Profiles the running program, and sends profiling data to standard output. This
option is provided as a utility that is useful in program development and is not
intended to be be used in production systems.
-Xrunhprof[:help][:suboption=value,...]
Enables cpu, heap, or monitor profiling. This option is typically followed by a
list of comma-separated suboption=value pairs. Run the command java -Xrunh-prof:help -Xrunhprof:help
prof:help to obtain a list of suboptions and their default values.
-Xrs Reduce usage of operating-system signals by Java virtual machine (JVM).
In a previous release, the Shutdown Hooks facility was added to allow orderly
shutdown of a Java application. The intent was to allow user cleanup code (such
as closing database connections) to run at shutdown, even if the JVM terminates
abruptly.
Sun's JVM catches signals to implement shutdown hooks for abnormal JVM termina-tion. termination.
tion. The JVM uses SIGHUP, SIGINT, and SIGTERM to initiate the running of shut-down shutdown
down hooks.
The JVM uses a similar mechanism to implement the pre-1.2 feature of dumping
thread stacks for debugging purposes. Sun's JVM uses SIGQUIT to perform thread
dumps.
Applications that embed the JVM frequently need to trap signals like SIGINT or
SIGTERM, which can lead to interference with the JVM's own signal handlers. The
-Xrs command line option is available to address this issue. When -Xrs is used
on Sun's JVM, the signal masks for SIGINT, SIGTERM, SIGHUP, and SIGQUIT are not
changed by the JVM, and signal handlers for these signals are not installed.
There are two consequences of specifying -Xrs:
• SIGQUIT thread dumps are not available.
• User code is responsible for causing shutdown hooks to run, for example by
calling System.exit() when the JVM is to be terminated.
-Xssn Set thread stack size.
-XX:+UseAltSigs The VM uses SIGUSR1 and SIGUSR2 by default, which can sometimes conflict with
applications that signal-chain SIGUSR1 and SIGUSR2. The -XX:+UseAltSigs option
will cause the VM to use signals other than SIGUSR1 and SIGUSR2 as the default.
SEE ALSO
javac(1), jdb(1), javah(1), jar(1),
See (or search java.sun.com) for the following:
The Java Extensions Framework @
http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.5.0/docs/guide/extensions/index.html
Security Features @
http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.5.0/docs/guide/security/index.html
23 June 2004 java(1)
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