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PERLFAQ1(1)                           Perl Programmers Reference Guide                           PERLFAQ1(1)



NAME
       perlfaq1 - General Questions About Perl

DESCRIPTION
       This section of the FAQ answers very general, high-level questions about Perl.

   What is Perl?
       Perl is a high-level programming language with an eclectic heritage written by Larry Wall and a cast
       of thousands.

       Perl's process, file, and text manipulation facilities make it particularly well-suited for tasks
       involving quick prototyping, system utilities, software tools, system management tasks, database
       access, graphical programming, networking, and web programming.

       Perl derives from the ubiquitous C programming language and to a lesser extent from sed, awk, the
       Unix shell, and many other tools and languages.

       These strengths make it especially popular with web developers and system administrators.
       Mathematicians, geneticists, journalists, managers and many other people also use Perl.

   Who supports Perl? Who develops it? Why is it free?
       The original culture of the pre-populist Internet and the deeply-held beliefs of Perl's author, Larry
       Wall, gave rise to the free and open distribution policy of Perl. Perl is supported by its users. The
       core, the standard Perl library, the optional modules, and the documentation you're reading now were
       all written by volunteers.

       The core development team (known as the Perl Porters) are a group of highly altruistic individuals
       committed to producing better software for free than you could hope to purchase for money. You may
       snoop on pending developments via the archives <http://www.nntp.perl.org/group/perl.perl5.porters/>
       or read the faq <http://dev.perl.org/perl5/docs/p5p-faq.html>, or you can subscribe to the mailing
       list by sending perl5-porters-subscribe@perl.org a subscription request (an empty message with no
       subject is fine).

       While the GNU project includes Perl in its distributions, there's no such thing as "GNU Perl". Perl
       is not produced nor maintained by the Free Software Foundation. Perl's licensing terms are also more
       open than GNU software's tend to be.

       You can get commercial support of Perl if you wish, although for most users the informal support will
       more than suffice. See the answer to "Where can I buy a commercial version of Perl?" for more
       information.

   Which version of Perl should I use?
       (contributed by brian d foy)

       There is often a matter of opinion and taste, and there isn't any one answer that fits everyone. In
       general, you want to use either the current stable release, or the stable release immediately prior
       to that one.  Currently, those are perl5.14.x and perl5.12.x, respectively.

       Beyond that, you have to consider several things and decide which is best for you.

       •   If things aren't broken, upgrading perl may break them (or at least issue new warnings).

       •   The latest versions of perl have more bug fixes.

       •   The Perl community is geared toward supporting the most recent releases, so you'll have an easier
           time finding help for those.

       •   Versions prior to perl5.004 had serious security problems with buffer overflows, and in some
           cases have CERT advisories (for instance, http://www.cert.org/advisories/CA-1997-17.html
           <http://www.cert.org/advisories/CA-1997-17.html> ).

       •   The latest versions are probably the least deployed and widely tested, so you may want to wait a
           few months after their release and see what problems others have if you are risk averse.

       •   The immediate, previous releases (i.e. perl5.8.x ) are usually maintained for a while, although
           not at the same level as the current releases.

       •   No one is actively supporting Perl 4. Ten years ago it was a dead camel carcass (according to
           this document). Now it's barely a skeleton as its whitewashed bones have fractured or eroded.

       •   The current leading implementation of Perl 6, Rakudo, released a "useful, usable, 'early
           adopter'" distribution of Perl 6 (called Rakudo Star) in July of 2010. Please see
           <http://rakudo.org/> for more information.

       •   There are really two tracks of perl development: a maintenance version and an experimental
           version. The maintenance versions are stable, and have an even number as the minor release (i.e.
           perl5.10.x, where 10 is the minor release). The experimental versions may include features that
           don't make it into the stable versions, and have an odd number as the minor release (i.e.
           perl5.9.x, where 9 is the minor release).

   What are Perl 4, Perl 5, or Perl 6?
       In short, Perl 4 is the parent to both Perl 5 and Perl 6. Perl 5 is the older sibling, and though
       they are different languages, someone who knows one will spot many similarities in the other.

       The number after Perl (i.e. the 5 after Perl 5) is the major release of the perl interpreter as well
       as the version of the language. Each major version has significant differences that earlier versions
       cannot support.

       The current major release of Perl is Perl 5, first released in 1994. It can run scripts from the
       previous major release, Perl 4 (March 1991), but has significant differences.

       Perl 6 is a reinvention of Perl, it is a language in the same lineage but not compatible. The two are
       complementary, not mutually exclusive. Perl 6 is not meant to replace Perl 5, and vice versa. See
       "What is Perl 6?" below to find out more.

       See perlhist for a history of Perl revisions.

   What is Perl 6?
       Perl 6 was originally described as the community's rewrite of Perl 5.  Development started in 2002;
       syntax and design work continue to this day.  As the language has evolved, it has become clear that
       it is a separate language, incompatible with Perl 5 but in the same language family.

       Contrary to popular belief, Perl 6 and Perl 5 peacefully coexist with one another. Perl 6 has proven
       to be a fascinating source of ideas for those using Perl 5 (the Moose object system is a well-known
       example). There is overlap in the communities, and this overlap fosters the tradition of sharing and
       borrowing that have been instrumental to Perl's success. The current leading implementation of Perl 6
       is Rakudo, and you can learn more about it at <http://rakudo.org>.

       If you want to learn more about Perl 6, or have a desire to help in the crusade to make Perl a better
       place then read the Perl 6 developers page at <http://www.perl6.org/> and get involved.

       "We're really serious about reinventing everything that needs reinventing."  --Larry Wall

   How stable is Perl?
       Production releases, which incorporate bug fixes and new functionality, are widely tested before
       release. Since the 5.000 release, we have averaged about one production release per year.

       The Perl development team occasionally make changes to the internal core of the language, but all
       possible efforts are made toward backward compatibility.

   Is Perl difficult to learn?
       No, Perl is easy to start learning <http://learn.perl.org/> --and easy to keep learning. It looks
       like most programming languages you're likely to have experience with, so if you've ever written a C
       program, an awk script, a shell script, or even a BASIC program, you're already partway there.

       Most tasks only require a small subset of the Perl language. One of the guiding mottos for Perl
       development is "there's more than one way to do it" (TMTOWTDI, sometimes pronounced "tim toady").
       Perl's learning curve is therefore shallow (easy to learn) and long (there's a whole lot you can do
       if you really want).

       Finally, because Perl is frequently (but not always, and certainly not by definition) an interpreted
       language, you can write your programs and test them without an intermediate compilation step,
       allowing you to experiment and test/debug quickly and easily. This ease of experimentation flattens
       the learning curve even more.

       Things that make Perl easier to learn: Unix experience, almost any kind of programming experience, an
       understanding of regular expressions, and the ability to understand other people's code. If there's
       something you need to do, then it's probably already been done, and a working example is usually
       available for free. Don't forget Perl modules, either.  They're discussed in Part 3 of this FAQ,
       along with CPAN <http://www.cpan.org/>, which is discussed in Part 2.

   How does Perl compare with other languages like Java, Python, REXX, Scheme, or Tcl?
       Perl can be used for almost any coding problem, even ones which require integrating specialist C code
       for extra speed. As with any tool it can be used well or badly. Perl has many strengths, and a few
       weaknesses, precisely which areas are good and bad is often a personal choice.

       When choosing a language you should also be influenced by the resources <http://www.cpan.org/>,
       testing culture <http://www.cpantesters.org/> and community <http://www.perl.org/community.html>
       which surrounds it.

       For comparisons to a specific language it is often best to create a small project in both languages
       and compare the results, make sure to use all the resources <http://www.cpan.org/> of each language,
       as a language is far more than just it's syntax.

   Can I do [task] in Perl?
       Perl is flexible and extensible enough for you to use on virtually any task, from one-line file-processing fileprocessing
       processing tasks to large, elaborate systems.

       For many people, Perl serves as a great replacement for shell scripting.  For others, it serves as a
       convenient, high-level replacement for most of what they'd program in low-level languages like C or
       C++. It's ultimately up to you (and possibly your management) which tasks you'll use Perl for and
       which you won't.

       If you have a library that provides an API, you can make any component of it available as just
       another Perl function or variable using a Perl extension written in C or C++ and dynamically linked
       into your main perl interpreter. You can also go the other direction, and write your main program in
       C or C++, and then link in some Perl code on the fly, to create a powerful application. See
       perlembed.

       That said, there will always be small, focused, special-purpose languages dedicated to a specific
       problem domain that are simply more convenient for certain kinds of problems. Perl tries to be all
       things to all people, but nothing special to anyone. Examples of specialized languages that come to
       mind include prolog and matlab.

   When shouldn't I program in Perl?
       One good reason is when you already have an existing application written in another language that's
       all done (and done well), or you have an application language specifically designed for a certain
       task (e.g. prolog, make).

       If you find that you need to speed up a specific part of a Perl application (not something you often
       need) you may want to use C, but you can access this from your Perl code with perlxs.

   What's the difference between "perl" and "Perl"?
       "Perl" is the name of the language. Only the "P" is capitalized.  The name of the interpreter (the
       program which runs the Perl script) is "perl" with a lowercase "p".

       You may or may not choose to follow this usage. But never write "PERL", because perl is not an
       acronym.

   What is a JAPH?
       (contributed by brian d foy)

       JAPH stands for "Just another Perl hacker,", which Randal Schwartz used to sign email and usenet
       messages starting in the late 1980s. He previously used the phrase with many subjects ("Just another
       x hacker,"), so to distinguish his JAPH, he started to write them as Perl programs:

           print "Just another Perl hacker,";

       Other people picked up on this and started to write clever or obfuscated programs to produce the same
       output, spinning things quickly out of control while still providing hours of amusement for their
       creators and readers.

       CPAN has several JAPH programs at <http://www.cpan.org/misc/japh>.

   How can I convince others to use Perl?
       (contributed by brian d foy)

       Appeal to their self interest! If Perl is new (and thus scary) to them, find something that Perl can
       do to solve one of their problems. That might mean that Perl either saves them something (time,
       headaches, money) or gives them something (flexibility, power, testability).

       In general, the benefit of a language is closely related to the skill of the people using that
       language. If you or your team can be faster, better, and stronger through Perl, you'll deliver more
       value. Remember, people often respond better to what they get out of it. If you run into resistance,
       figure out what those people get out of the other choice and how Perl might satisfy that requirement.

       You don't have to worry about finding or paying for Perl; it's freely available and several popular
       operating systems come with Perl. Community support in places such as Perlmonks (
       <http://www.perlmonks.com> ) and the various Perl mailing lists ( <http://lists.perl.org> ) means
       that you can usually get quick answers to your problems.

       Finally, keep in mind that Perl might not be the right tool for every job. You're a much better
       advocate if your claims are reasonable and grounded in reality. Dogmatically advocating anything
       tends to make people discount your message. Be honest about possible disadvantages to your choice of
       Perl since any choice has trade-offs.

       You might find these links useful:

       •   <http://www.perl.org/about.html>

       •   <http://perltraining.com.au/whyperl.html>

AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
       Copyright (c) 1997-2010 Tom Christiansen, Nathan Torkington, and other authors as noted. All rights
       reserved.

       This documentation is free; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl
       itself.

       Irrespective of its distribution, all code examples here are in the public domain. You are permitted
       and encouraged to use this code and any derivatives thereof in your own programs for fun or for
       profit as you see fit. A simple comment in the code giving credit to the FAQ would be courteous but
       is not required.



perl v5.16.2                                     2012-10-11                                      PERLFAQ1(1)