Страницы справочника OS X

Эта страница руководства для  версии 10.9 Mac OS X

Читать страницы руководства

PERLREPOSITORY(1)                     Perl Programmers Reference Guide                     PERLREPOSITORY(1)



NAME
       perlrepository - Using the Perl source repository

SYNOPSIS
       All of Perl's source code is kept centrally in a Git repository at perl5.git.perl.org. The repository
       contains many Perl revisions from Perl 1 onwards and all the revisions from Perforce, the version
       control system we were using previously. This repository is accessible in different ways.

       The full repository takes up about 80MB of disk space. A check out of the blead branch (that is, the
       main development branch, which contains bleadperl, the development version of perl 5) takes up about
       160MB of disk space (including the repository). A build of bleadperl takes up about 200MB (including
       the repository and the check out).

Getting access to the repository
   Read access via the web
       You may access the repository over the web. This allows you to browse the tree, see recent commits,
       subscribe to RSS feeds for the changes, search for particular commits and more. You may access it at:

         http://perl5.git.perl.org/perl.git

       A mirror of the repository is found at:

         http://github.com/mirrors/perl

   Read access via Git
       You will need a copy of Git for your computer. You can fetch a copy of the repository using the Git
       protocol (which uses port 9418):

         % git clone git://perl5.git.perl.org/perl.git perl-git

       This clones the repository and makes a local copy in the perl-git directory.

       If your local network does not allow you to use port 9418, then you can fetch a copy of the
       repository over HTTP (this is at least 4x slower):

         % git clone http://perl5.git.perl.org/perl.git perl-http

       This clones the repository and makes a local copy in the perl-http directory.

   Write access to the repository
       If you are a committer, then you can fetch a copy of the repository that you can push back on with:

         % git clone ssh://perl5.git.perl.org/perl.git perl-ssh

       This clones the repository and makes a local copy in the perl-ssh directory.

       If you cloned using the git protocol, which is faster than ssh, then you will need to modify the URL
       for the origin remote to enable pushing. To do that edit .git/config with git-config(1) like this:

         % git config remote.origin.url ssh://perl5.git.perl.org/perl.git

       You can also set up your user name and e-mail address. Most people do this once globally in their
       ~/.gitconfig by doing something like:

         % git config --global user.name "A~Xvar ArnfjA~XrA~X Bjarmason"
         % git config --global user.email avarab@gmail.com

       However if you'd like to override that just for perl then execute then execute something like the
       following in perl-git:

         % git config user.email avar@cpan.org

       It is also possible to keep "origin" as a git remote, and add a new remote for ssh access:

         % git remote add camel perl5.git.perl.org:/perl.git

       This allows you to update your local repository by pulling from "origin", which is faster and doesn't
       require you to authenticate, and to push your changes back with the "camel" remote:

         % git fetch camel
         % git push camel

       The "fetch" command just updates the "camel" refs, as the objects themselves should have been fetched
       when pulling from "origin".

   A note on camel and dromedary
       The committers have SSH access to the two servers that serve "perl5.git.perl.org". One is
       "perl5.git.perl.org" itself (camel), which is the 'master' repository. The second one is
       "users.perl5.git.perl.org" (dromedary), which can be used for general testing and development.
       Dromedary syncs the git tree from camel every few minutes, you should not push there. Both machines
       also have a full CPAN mirror in /srv/CPAN, please use this. To share files with the general public,
       dromedary serves your ~/public_html/ as "http://users.perl5.git.perl.org/~yourlogin/"

       These hosts have fairly strict firewalls to the outside. Outgoing, only rsync, ssh and git are
       allowed. For http and ftp, you can use http://webproxy:3128 as proxy. Incoming, the firewall tries to
       detect attacks and blocks IP addresses with suspicious activity. This sometimes (but very rarely) has
       false positives and you might get blocked. The quickest way to get unblocked is to notify the admins.

       These two boxes are owned, hosted, and operated by booking.com. You can reach the sysadmins in #p5p
       on irc.perl.org or via mail to "perl5-porters@perl.org"

Overview of the repository
       Once you have changed into the repository directory, you can inspect it.

       After a clone the repository will contain a single local branch, which will be the current branch as
       well, as indicated by the asterisk.

         % git branch
         * blead

       Using the -a switch to "branch" will also show the remote tracking branches in the repository:

         % git branch -a
         * blead
           origin/HEAD
           origin/blead
         ...

       The branches that begin with "origin" correspond to the "git remote" that you cloned from (which is
       named "origin"). Each branch on the remote will be exactly tracked by theses branches. You should
       NEVER do work on these remote tracking branches. You only ever do work in a local branch. Local
       branches can be configured to automerge (on pull) from a designated remote tracking branch. This is
       the case with the default branch "blead" which will be configured to merge from the remote tracking
       branch "origin/blead".

       You can see recent commits:

         % git log

       And pull new changes from the repository, and update your local repository (must be clean first)

         % git pull

       Assuming we are on the branch "blead" immediately after a pull, this command would be more or less
       equivalent to:

         % git fetch
         % git merge origin/blead

       In fact if you want to update your local repository without touching your working directory you do:

         % git fetch

       And if you want to update your remote-tracking branches for all defined remotes simultaneously you
       can do

         % git remote update

       Neither of these last two commands will update your working directory, however both will update the
       remote-tracking branches in your repository.

       To make a local branch of a remote branch:

         % git checkout -b maint-5.10 origin/maint-5.10

       To switch back to blead:

         % git checkout blead

   Finding out your status
       The most common git command you will use will probably be

         % git status

       This command will produce as output a description of the current state of the repository, including
       modified files and unignored untracked files, and in addition it will show things like what files
       have been staged for the next commit, and usually some useful information about how to change things.
       For instance the following:

         $ git status
         # On branch blead
         # Your branch is ahead of 'origin/blead' by 1 commit.
         #
         # Changes to be committed:
         #   (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)
         #
         #       modified:   pod/perlrepository.pod
         #
         # Changed but not updated:
         #   (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
         #
         #       modified:   pod/perlrepository.pod
         #
         # Untracked files:
         #   (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)
         #
         #       deliberate.untracked

       This shows that there were changes to this document staged for commit, and that there were further
       changes in the working directory not yet staged. It also shows that there was an untracked file in
       the working directory, and as you can see shows how to change all of this. It also shows that there
       is one commit on the working branch "blead" which has not been pushed to the "origin" remote yet.
       NOTE: that this output is also what you see as a template if you do not provide a message to "git
       commit".

       Assuming that you'd like to commit all the changes you've just made as a a single atomic unit, run
       this command:

          % git commit -a

       (That "-a" tells git to add every file you've changed to this commit.  New files aren't automatically
       added to your commit when you use "commit -a" If you want to add files or to commit some, but not all
       of your changes, have a look at the documentation for "git add".)

       Git will start up your favorite text editor, so that you can craft a commit message for your change.
       See "Commit message" below for more information about what makes a good commit message.

       Once you've finished writing your commit message and exited your editor, git will write your change
       to disk and tell you something like this:

         Created commit daf8e63: explain git status and stuff about remotes
          1 files changed, 83 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

       If you re-run "git status", you should see something like this:

         % git status
         # On branch blead
         # Your branch is ahead of 'origin/blead' by 2 commits.
         #
         # Untracked files:
         #   (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)
         #
         #       deliberate.untracked
         nothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track)

       When in doubt, before you do anything else, check your status and read it carefully, many questions
       are answered directly by the git status output.

Submitting a patch
       If you have a patch in mind for Perl, you should first get a copy of the repository:

         % git clone git://perl5.git.perl.org/perl.git perl-git

       Then change into the directory:

         % cd perl-git

       Alternatively, if you already have a Perl repository, you should ensure that you're on the blead
       branch, and your repository is up to date:

         % git checkout blead
         % git pull

       It's preferable to patch against the latest blead version, since this is where new development occurs
       for all changes other than critical bug fixes.  Critical bug fix patches should be made against the
       relevant maint branches, or should be submitted with a note indicating all the branches where the fix
       should be applied.

       Now that we have everything up to date, we need to create a temporary new branch for these changes
       and switch into it:

         % git checkout -b orange

       which is the short form of

         % git branch orange
         % git checkout orange

       Creating a topic branch makes it easier for the maintainers to rebase or merge back into the master
       blead for a more linear history. If you don't work on a topic branch the maintainer has to manually
       cherry pick your changes onto blead before they can be applied.

       That'll get you scolded on perl5-porters, so don't do that. Be Awesome.

       Then make your changes. For example, if Leon Brocard changes his name to Orange Brocard, we should
       change his name in the AUTHORS file:

         % perl -pi -e 's{Leon Brocard}{Orange Brocard}' AUTHORS

       You can see what files are changed:

         % git status
         # On branch orange
         # Changes to be committed:
         #   (use "git reset HEAD <file>..." to unstage)
         #
         #    modified:   AUTHORS
         #

       And you can see the changes:

         % git diff
         diff --git a/AUTHORS b/AUTHORS
         index 293dd70..722c93e 100644
         --- a/AUTHORS
         +++ b/AUTHORS
         @@ -541,7 +541,7 @@    Lars Hecking                   <lhecking@nmrc.ucc.ie>
          Laszlo Molnar                  <laszlo.molnar@eth.ericsson.se>
          Leif Huhn                      <leif@hale.dkstat.com>
          Len Johnson                    <lenjay@ibm.net>
         -Leon Brocard                   <acme@astray.com>
         +Orange Brocard                 <acme@astray.com>
          Les Peters                     <lpeters@aol.net>
          Lesley Binks                   <lesley.binks@gmail.com>
          Lincoln D. Stein               <lstein@cshl.org>

       Now commit your change locally:

         % git commit -a -m 'Rename Leon Brocard to Orange Brocard'
         Created commit 6196c1d: Rename Leon Brocard to Orange Brocard
          1 files changed, 1 insertions(+), 1 deletions(-)

       You can examine your last commit with:

         % git show HEAD

       and if you are not happy with either the description or the patch itself you can fix it up by editing
       the files once more and then issue:

         % git commit -a --amend

       Now you should create a patch file for all your local changes:

         % git format-patch -M origin..
         0001-Rename-Leon-Brocard-to-Orange-Brocard.patch

       You should now send an email to to perlbug@perl.org <mailto:perlbug@perl.org> with a description of
       your changes, and include this patch file as an attachment. In addition to being tracked by RT, mail
       to perlbug will automatically be forwarded to perl5-porters. You should only send patches to
       perl5-porters@perl.org <mailto:perl5-porters@perl.org> directly if the patch is not ready to be
       applied, but intended for discussion.

       See the next section for how to configure and use git to send these emails for you.

       If you want to delete your temporary branch, you may do so with:

         % git checkout blead
         % git branch -d orange
         error: The branch 'orange' is not an ancestor of your current HEAD.
         If you are sure you want to delete it, run 'git branch -D orange'.
         % git branch -D orange
         Deleted branch orange.

   Using git to send patch emails
       In your ~/git/perl repository, set the destination email to perl's bug tracker:

         $ git config sendemail.to perlbug@perl.org

       Or maybe perl5-porters (discussed above):

         $ git config sendemail.to perl5-porters@perl.org

       Then you can use git directly to send your patch emails:

         $ git send-email 0001-Rename-Leon-Brocard-to-Orange-Brocard.patch

       You may need to set some configuration variables for your particular email service provider. For
       example, to set your global git config to send email via a gmail account:

         $ git config --global sendemail.smtpserver smtp.gmail.com
         $ git config --global sendemail.smtpssl 1
         $ git config --global sendemail.smtpuser YOURUSERNAME@gmail.com

       With this configuration, you will be prompted for your gmail password when you run 'git send-email'.
       You can also configure "sendemail.smtppass" with your password if you don't care about having your
       password in the .gitconfig file.

   A note on derived files
       Be aware that many files in the distribution are derivative--avoid patching them, because git won't
       see the changes to them, and the build process will overwrite them. Patch the originals instead.
       Most utilities (like perldoc) are in this category, i.e. patch utils/perldoc.PL rather than
       utils/perldoc. Similarly, don't create patches for files under $src_root/ext from their copies found
       in $install_root/lib.  If you are unsure about the proper location of a file that may have gotten
       copied while building the source distribution, consult the "MANIFEST".

       As a special case, several files are regenerated by 'make regen' if your patch alters "embed.fnc".
       These are needed for compilation, but are included in the distribution so that you can build perl
       without needing another perl to generate the files.  You must test with these regenerated files, but
       it is preferred that you instead note that 'make regen is needed' in both the email and the commit
       message, and submit your patch without them.  If you're submitting a series of patches, it might be
       best to submit the regenerated changes immediately after the source-changes that caused them, so as
       to have as little effect as possible on the bisectability of your patchset.

   Getting your patch accepted
       If you are submitting a code patch there are several things that you need to do.

       Commit message
           As you craft each patch you intend to submit to the Perl core, it's important to write a good
           commit message.

           The first line of the commit message should be a short description and should skip the full stop.
           It should be no longer than the subject line of an E-Mail, 50 characters being a good rule of
           thumb.

           A lot of Git tools (Gitweb, GitHub, git log --pretty=oneline, ..) will only display the first
           line (cut off at 50 characters) when presenting commit summaries.

           The commit message should include description of the problem that the patch corrects or new
           functionality that the patch adds.

           As a general rule of thumb, your commit message should let a programmer with a reasonable
           familiarity with the Perl core quickly understand what you were trying to do, how you were trying
           to do it and why the change matters to Perl.

           What
               Your commit message should describe what part of the Perl core you're changing and what you
               expect your patch to do.

           Why Perhaps most importantly, your commit message should describe why the change you are making
               is important. When someone looks at your change in six months or six years, your intent
               should be clear.  If you're deprecating a feature with the intent of later simplifying
               another bit of code, say so. If you're fixing a performance problem or adding a new feature
               to support some other bit of the core, mention that.

           How While it's not necessary for documentation changes, new tests or trivial patches, it's often
               worth explaining how your change works.  Even if it's clear to you today, it may not be clear
               to a porter next month or next year.

           A commit message isn't intended to take the place of comments in your code.  Commit messages
           should describe the change you made, while code comments should describe the current state of the
           code.  If you've just implemented a new feature, complete with doc, tests and well-commented
           code, a brief commit message will often suffice.  If, however, you've just changed a single
           character deep in the parser or lexer, you might need to write a small novel to ensure that
           future readers understand what you did and why you did it.

       Comments, Comments, Comments
           Be sure to adequately comment your code.  While commenting every line is unnecessary, anything
           that takes advantage of side effects of operators, that creates changes that will be felt outside
           of the function being patched, or that others may find confusing should be documented.  If you
           are going to err, it is better to err on the side of adding too many comments than too few.

       Style
           In general, please follow the particular style of the code you are patching.

           In particular, follow these general guidelines for patching Perl sources:

               8-wide tabs (no exceptions!)
               4-wide indents for code, 2-wide indents for nested CPP #defines
               try hard not to exceed 79-columns
               ANSI C prototypes
               uncuddled elses and "K&R" style for indenting control constructs
               no C++ style (//) comments
               mark places that need to be revisited with XXX (and revisit often!)
               opening brace lines up with "if" when conditional spans multiple
                   lines; should be at end-of-line otherwise
               in function definitions, name starts in column 0 (return value is on
                   previous line)
               single space after keywords that are followed by parens, no space
                   between function name and following paren
               avoid assignments in conditionals, but if they're unavoidable, use
                   extra paren, e.g. "if (a && (b = c)) ..."
               "return foo;" rather than "return(foo);"
               "if (!foo) ..." rather than "if (foo == FALSE) ..." etc.

       Testsuite
           If your patch changes code (rather than just changing documentation) you should also include one
           or more test cases which illustrate the bug you're fixing or validate the new functionality
           you're adding.  In general, you should update an existing test file rather than create a new one.

           Your testsuite additions should generally follow these guidelines (courtesy of Gurusamy Sarathy
           <gsar@activestate.com>):

               Know what you're testing.  Read the docs, and the source.
               Tend to fail, not succeed.
               Interpret results strictly.
               Use unrelated features (this will flush out bizarre interactions).
               Use non-standard idioms (otherwise you are not testing TIMTOWTDI).
               Avoid using hardcoded test numbers whenever possible (the
                 EXPECTED/GOT found in t/op/tie.t is much more maintainable,
                 and gives better failure reports).
               Give meaningful error messages when a test fails.
               Avoid using qx// and system() unless you are testing for them.  If you
                 do use them, make sure that you cover _all_ perl platforms.
               Unlink any temporary files you create.
               Promote unforeseen warnings to errors with $SIG{__WARN__}.
               Be sure to use the libraries and modules shipped with the version
                 being tested, not those that were already installed.
               Add comments to the code explaining what you are testing for.
               Make updating the '1..42' string unnecessary.  Or make sure that
                 you update it.
               Test _all_ behaviors of a given operator, library, or function:
                 - All optional arguments
                 - Return values in various contexts (boolean, scalar, list, lvalue)
                 - Use both global and lexical variables
                 - Don't forget the exceptional, pathological cases.

Accepting a patch
       If you have received a patch file generated using the above section, you should try out the patch.

       First we need to create a temporary new branch for these changes and switch into it:

         % git checkout -b experimental

       Patches that were formatted by "git format-patch" are applied with "git am":

         % git am 0001-Rename-Leon-Brocard-to-Orange-Brocard.patch
         Applying Rename Leon Brocard to Orange Brocard

       If just a raw diff is provided, it is also possible use this two-step process:

         % git apply bugfix.diff
         % git commit -a -m "Some fixing" --author="That Guy <that.guy@internets.com>"

       Now we can inspect the change:

         % git show HEAD
         commit b1b3dab48344cff6de4087efca3dbd63548ab5e2
         Author: Leon Brocard <acme@astray.com>
         Date:   Fri Dec 19 17:02:59 2008 +0000

           Rename Leon Brocard to Orange Brocard

         diff --git a/AUTHORS b/AUTHORS
         index 293dd70..722c93e 100644
         --- a/AUTHORS
         +++ b/AUTHORS
         @@ -541,7 +541,7 @@ Lars Hecking                        <lhecking@nmrc.ucc.ie>
          Laszlo Molnar                  <laszlo.molnar@eth.ericsson.se>
          Leif Huhn                      <leif@hale.dkstat.com>
          Len Johnson                    <lenjay@ibm.net>
         -Leon Brocard                   <acme@astray.com>
         +Orange Brocard                 <acme@astray.com>
          Les Peters                     <lpeters@aol.net>
          Lesley Binks                   <lesley.binks@gmail.com>
          Lincoln D. Stein               <lstein@cshl.org>

       If you are a committer to Perl and you think the patch is good, you can then merge it into blead then
       push it out to the main repository:

         % git checkout blead
         % git merge experimental
         % git push

       If you want to delete your temporary branch, you may do so with:

         % git checkout blead
         % git branch -d experimental
         error: The branch 'experimental' is not an ancestor of your current HEAD.
         If you are sure you want to delete it, run 'git branch -D experimental'.
         % git branch -D experimental
         Deleted branch experimental.

Cleaning a working directory
       The command "git clean" can with varying arguments be used as a replacement for "make clean".

       To reset your working directory to a pristine condition you can do:

         % git clean -dxf

       However, be aware this will delete ALL untracked content. You can use

         % git clean -Xf

       to remove all ignored untracked files, such as build and test byproduct, but leave any  manually
       created files alone.

       If you only want to cancel some uncommitted edits, you can use "git checkout" and give it a list of
       files to be reverted, or "git checkout -f" to revert them all.

       If you want to cancel one or several commits, you can use "git reset".

Bisecting
       "git" provides a built-in way to determine, with a binary search in the history, which commit should
       be blamed for introducing a given bug.

       Suppose that we have a script ~/testcase.pl that exits with 0 when some behaviour is correct, and
       with 1 when it's faulty. You need an helper script that automates building "perl" and running the
       testcase:

         % cat ~/run
         #!/bin/sh
         git clean -dxf
         # If you can use ccache, add -Dcc=ccache\ gcc -Dld=gcc to the Configure line
         # if Encode is not needed for the test, you can speed up the bisect by
         # excluding it from the runs with -Dnoextensions=Encode
         sh Configure -des -Dusedevel -Doptimize="-g"
         test -f config.sh || exit 125
         # Correct makefile for newer GNU gcc
         perl -ni -we 'print unless /<(?:built-in|command)/' makefile x2p/makefile
         # if you just need miniperl, replace test_prep with miniperl
         make -j4 test_prep
         [ -x ./perl ] || exit 125
         ./perl -Ilib ~/testcase.pl
         ret=$?
         [ $ret -gt 127 ] && ret=127
         git clean -dxf
         exit $ret

       This script may return 125 to indicate that the corresponding commit should be skipped. Otherwise, it
       returns the status of ~/testcase.pl.

       You first enter in bisect mode with:

         % git bisect start

       For example, if the bug is present on "HEAD" but wasn't in 5.10.0, "git" will learn about this when
       you enter:

         % git bisect bad
         % git bisect good perl-5.10.0
         Bisecting: 853 revisions left to test after this

       This results in checking out the median commit between "HEAD" and "perl-5.10.0". You can then run the
       bisecting process with:

         % git bisect run ~/run

       When the first bad commit is isolated, "git bisect" will tell you so:

         ca4cfd28534303b82a216cfe83a1c80cbc3b9dc5 is first bad commit
         commit ca4cfd28534303b82a216cfe83a1c80cbc3b9dc5
         Author: Dave Mitchell <davem@fdisolutions.com>
         Date:   Sat Feb 9 14:56:23 2008 +0000

             [perl #49472] Attributes + Unknown Error
             ...

         bisect run success

       You can peek into the bisecting process with "git bisect log" and "git bisect visualize". "git bisect
       reset" will get you out of bisect mode.

       Please note that the first "good" state must be an ancestor of the first "bad" state. If you want to
       search for the commit that solved some bug, you have to negate your test case (i.e. exit with 1 if OK
       and 0 if not) and still mark the lower bound as "good" and the upper as "bad". The "first bad commit"
       has then to be understood as the "first commit where the bug is solved".

       "git help bisect" has much more information on how you can tweak your binary searches.

Submitting a patch via GitHub
       GitHub is a website that makes it easy to fork and publish projects with Git. First you should set up
       a GitHub account and log in.

       Perl's git repository is mirrored on GitHub at this page:

         http://github.com/mirrors/perl/tree/blead

       Visit the page and click the "fork" button. This clones the Perl git repository for you and provides
       you with "Your Clone URL" from which you should clone:

         % git clone git@github.com:USERNAME/perl.git perl-github

       The same patch as above, using github might look like this:

         % cd perl-github
         % git remote add upstream git://perl5.git.perl.org/perl.git
         % git pull upstream blead
         % git checkout -b orange
         % perl -pi -e 's{Leon Brocard}{Orange Brocard}' AUTHORS
         % git commit -a -m 'Rename Leon Brocard to Orange Brocard'
         % git push origin orange

       The orange branch has been pushed to GitHub, so you should now send an email (see "Submitting a
       patch") with a description of your changes and the following information:

         http://github.com/USERNAME/perl/tree/orange
         git@github.com:USERNAME/perl.git branch orange

Merging from a branch via GitHub
       If someone has provided a branch via GitHub and you are a committer, you should use the following in
       your perl-ssh directory:

         % git remote add dandv git://github.com/dandv/perl.git
         % git fetch dandv

       Now you can see the differences between the branch and blead:

         % git diff dandv/blead

       And you can see the commits:

         % git log dandv/blead

       If you approve of a specific commit, you can cherry pick it:

         % git cherry-pick 3adac458cb1c1d41af47fc66e67b49c8dec2323f

       Or you could just merge the whole branch if you like it all:

         % git merge dandv/blead

       And then push back to the repository:

         % git push

Topic branches and rewriting history
       Individual committers should create topic branches under yourname/some_descriptive_name. Other
       committers should check with a topic branch's creator before making any change to it.

       The simplest way to create a remote topic branch that works on all versions of git is to push the
       current head as a new branch on the remote, then check it out locally:

         $ branch="$yourname/$some_descriptive_name"
         $ git push origin HEAD:$branch
         $ git checkout -b $branch origin/$branch

       Users of git 1.7 or newer can do it in a more obvious manner:

         $ branch="$yourname/$some_descriptive_name"
         $ git checkout -b $branch
         $ git push origin -u $branch

       If you are not the creator of yourname/some_descriptive_name, you might sometimes find that the
       original author has edited the branch's history. There are lots of good reasons for this. Sometimes,
       an author might simply be rebasing the branch onto a newer source point.  Sometimes, an author might
       have found an error in an early commit which they wanted to fix before merging the branch to blead.

       Currently the master repository is configured to forbid non-fast-forward merges.  This means that the
       branches within can not be rebased and pushed as a single step.

       The only way you will ever be allowed to rebase or modify the history of a pushed branch is to delete
       it and push it as a new branch under the same name. Please think carefully about doing this. It may
       be better to sequentially rename your branches so that it is easier for others working with you to
       cherry-pick their local changes onto the new version. (XXX: needs explanation).

       If you want to rebase a personal topic branch, you will have to delete your existing topic branch and
       push as a new version of it. You can do this via the following formula (see the explanation about
       "refspec"'s in the git push documentation for details) after you have rebased your branch:

          # first rebase
          $ git checkout $user/$topic
          $ git fetch
          $ git rebase origin/blead

          # then "delete-and-push"
          $ git push origin :$user/$topic
          $ git push origin $user/$topic

       NOTE: it is forbidden at the repository level to delete any of the "primary" branches. That is any
       branch matching "m!^(blead|maint|perl)!". Any attempt to do so will result in git producing an error
       like this:

           $ git push origin :blead
           *** It is forbidden to delete blead/maint branches in this repository
           error: hooks/update exited with error code 1
           error: hook declined to update refs/heads/blead
           To ssh://perl5.git.perl.org/perl
            ! [remote rejected] blead (hook declined)
            error: failed to push some refs to 'ssh://perl5.git.perl.org/perl'

       As a matter of policy we do not edit the history of the blead and maint-* branches. If a typo (or
       worse) sneaks into a commit to blead or maint-*, we'll fix it in another commit. The only types of
       updates allowed on these branches are "fast-forward's", where all history is preserved.

       Annotated tags in the canonical perl.git repository will never be deleted or modified. Think long and
       hard about whether you want to push a local tag to perl.git before doing so. (Pushing unannotated
       tags is not allowed.)

Committing to maintenance versions
       Maintenance versions should only be altered to add critical bug fixes, see perlpolicy.

       To commit to a maintenance version of perl, you need to create a local tracking branch:

         % git checkout --track -b maint-5.005 origin/maint-5.005

       This creates a local branch named "maint-5.005", which tracks the remote branch "origin/maint-5.005".
       Then you can pull, commit, merge and push as before.

       You can also cherry-pick commits from blead and another branch, by using the "git cherry-pick"
       command. It is recommended to use the -x option to "git cherry-pick" in order to record the SHA1 of
       the original commit in the new commit message.

Grafts
       The perl history contains one mistake which was not caught in the conversion: a merge was recorded in
       the history between blead and maint-5.10 where no merge actually occurred.  Due to the nature of git,
       this is now impossible to fix in the public repository.  You can remove this mis-merge locally by
       adding the following line to your ".git/info/grafts" file:

         296f12bbbbaa06de9be9d09d3dcf8f4528898a49 434946e0cb7a32589ed92d18008aaa1d88515930

       It is particularly important to have this graft line if any bisecting is done in the area of the
       "merge" in question.

SEE ALSO
       •   The git documentation, accessible via the "git help" command

       •   perlpolicy - Perl core development policy



perl v5.12.5                                     2012-11-03                                PERLREPOSITORY(1)