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PERLVAR(1) Perl Programmers Reference Guide PERLVAR(1)
NAME
perlvar - Perl predefined variables
DESCRIPTION
The Syntax of Variable Names
Variable names in Perl can have several formats. Usually, they must begin with a letter or
underscore, in which case they can be arbitrarily long (up to an internal limit of 251 characters)
and may contain letters, digits, underscores, or the special sequence "::" or "'". In this case, the
part before the last "::" or "'" is taken to be a package qualifier; see perlmod.
Perl variable names may also be a sequence of digits or a single punctuation or control character.
These names are all reserved for special uses by Perl; for example, the all-digits names are used to
hold data captured by backreferences after a regular expression match. Perl has a special syntax for
the single-control-character names: It understands "^X" (caret "X") to mean the control-"X"
character. For example, the notation $^W (dollar-sign caret "W") is the scalar variable whose name
is the single character control-"W". This is better than typing a literal control-"W" into your
program.
Since Perl 5.6, Perl variable names may be alphanumeric strings that begin with control characters
(or better yet, a caret). These variables must be written in the form "${^Foo}"; the braces are not
optional. "${^Foo}" denotes the scalar variable whose name is a control-"F" followed by two "o"'s.
These variables are reserved for future special uses by Perl, except for the ones that begin with
"^_" (control-underscore or caret-underscore). No control-character name that begins with "^_" will
acquire a special meaning in any future version of Perl; such names may therefore be used safely in
programs. $^_ itself, however, is reserved.
Perl identifiers that begin with digits, control characters, or punctuation characters are exempt
from the effects of the "package" declaration and are always forced to be in package "main"; they are
also exempt from "strict 'vars'" errors. A few other names are also exempt in these ways:
ENV STDIN
INC STDOUT
ARGV STDERR
ARGVOUT
SIG
In particular, the special "${^_XYZ}" variables are always taken to be in package "main", regardless
of any "package" declarations presently in scope.
SPECIAL VARIABLES
The following names have special meaning to Perl. Most punctuation names have reasonable mnemonics,
or analogs in the shells. Nevertheless, if you wish to use long variable names, you need only say:
use English;
at the top of your program. This aliases all the short names to the long names in the current
package. Some even have medium names, generally borrowed from awk. To avoid a performance hit, if
you don't need the $PREMATCH, $MATCH, or $POSTMATCH it's best to use the "English" module without
them:
use English '-no_match_vars';
Before you continue, note the sort order for variables. In general, we first list the variables in
case-insensitive, almost-lexigraphical order (ignoring the "{" or "^" preceding words, as in
"${^UNICODE}" or $^T), although $_ and @_ move up to the top of the pile. For variables with the
same identifier, we list it in order of scalar, array, hash, and bareword.
General Variables
$ARG
$_ The default input and pattern-searching space. The following pairs are equivalent:
while (<>) {...} # equivalent only in while!
while (defined($_ = <>)) {...}
/^Subject:/
$_ =~ /^Subject:/
tr/a-z/A-Z/
$_ =~ tr/a-z/A-Z/
chomp
chomp($_)
Here are the places where Perl will assume $_ even if you don't use it:
• The following functions use $_ as a default argument:
abs, alarm, chomp, chop, chr, chroot, cos, defined, eval, evalbytes, exp, glob, hex, int,
lc, lcfirst, length, log, lstat, mkdir, oct, ord, pos, print, quotemeta, readlink,
readpipe, ref, require, reverse (in scalar context only), rmdir, sin, split (on its second
argument), sqrt, stat, study, uc, ucfirst, unlink, unpack.
• All file tests ("-f", "-d") except for "-t", which defaults to STDIN. See "-X" in
perlfunc
• The pattern matching operations "m//", "s///" and "tr///" (aka "y///") when used without
an "=~" operator.
• The default iterator variable in a "foreach" loop if no other variable is supplied.
• The implicit iterator variable in the "grep()" and "map()" functions.
• The implicit variable of "given()".
• The default place to put an input record when a "<FH>" operation's result is tested by
itself as the sole criterion of a "while" test. Outside a "while" test, this will not
happen.
As $_ is a global variable, this may lead in some cases to unwanted side-effects. As of perl
5.10, you can now use a lexical version of $_ by declaring it in a file or in a block with
"my". Moreover, declaring "our $_" restores the global $_ in the current scope.
Mnemonic: underline is understood in certain operations.
@ARG
@_ Within a subroutine the array @_ contains the parameters passed to that subroutine. Inside a
subroutine, @_ is the default array for the array operators "push", "pop", "shift", and
"unshift".
See perlsub.
$LIST_SEPARATOR
$" When an array or an array slice is interpolated into a double-quoted string or a similar
context such as "/.../", its elements are separated by this value. Default is a space. For
example, this:
print "The array is: @array\n";
is equivalent to this:
print "The array is: " . join($", @array) . "\n";
Mnemonic: works in double-quoted context.
$PROCESS_ID
$PID
$$ The process number of the Perl running this script. Though you can set this variable, doing
so is generally discouraged, although it can be invaluable for some testing purposes. It
will be reset automatically across "fork()" calls.
Note for Linux and Debian GNU/kFreeBSD users: Before Perl v5.16.0 perl would emulate POSIX
semantics on Linux systems using LinuxThreads, a partial implementation of POSIX Threads that
has since been superseded by the Native POSIX Thread Library (NPTL).
LinuxThreads is now obsolete on Linux, and and caching "getpid()" like this made embedding
perl unnecessarily complex (since you'd have to manually update the value of $$), so now $$
and "getppid()" will always return the same values as the underlying C library.
Debian GNU/kFreeBSD systems also used LinuxThreads up until and including the 6.0 release,
but after that moved to FreeBSD thread semantics, which are POSIX-like.
To see if your system is affected by this discrepancy check if "getconf
GNU_LIBPTHREAD_VERSION | grep -q NPTL" returns a false value. NTPL threads preserve the POSIX
semantics.
Mnemonic: same as shells.
$PROGRAM_NAME
$0 Contains the name of the program being executed.
On some (but not all) operating systems assigning to $0 modifies the argument area that the
"ps" program sees. On some platforms you may have to use special "ps" options or a different
"ps" to see the changes. Modifying the $0 is more useful as a way of indicating the current
program state than it is for hiding the program you're running.
Note that there are platform-specific limitations on the maximum length of $0. In the most
extreme case it may be limited to the space occupied by the original $0.
In some platforms there may be arbitrary amount of padding, for example space characters,
after the modified name as shown by "ps". In some platforms this padding may extend all the
way to the original length of the argument area, no matter what you do (this is the case for
example with Linux 2.2).
Note for BSD users: setting $0 does not completely remove "perl" from the ps(1) output. For
example, setting $0 to "foobar" may result in "perl: foobar (perl)" (whether both the "perl:
" prefix and the " (perl)" suffix are shown depends on your exact BSD variant and version).
This is an operating system feature, Perl cannot help it.
In multithreaded scripts Perl coordinates the threads so that any thread may modify its copy
of the $0 and the change becomes visible to ps(1) (assuming the operating system plays
along). Note that the view of $0 the other threads have will not change since they have
their own copies of it.
If the program has been given to perl via the switches "-e" or "-E", $0 will contain the
string "-e".
On Linux as of perl 5.14 the legacy process name will be set with prctl(2), in addition to
altering the POSIX name via "argv[0]" as perl has done since version 4.000. Now system
utilities that read the legacy process name such as ps, top and killall will recognize the
name you set when assigning to $0. The string you supply will be cut off at 16 bytes, this
is a limitation imposed by Linux.
Mnemonic: same as sh and ksh.
$REAL_GROUP_ID
$GID
$( The real gid of this process. If you are on a machine that supports membership in multiple
groups simultaneously, gives a space separated list of groups you are in. The first number
is the one returned by "getgid()", and the subsequent ones by "getgroups()", one of which may
be the same as the first number.
However, a value assigned to $( must be a single number used to set the real gid. So the
value given by $( should not be assigned back to $( without being forced numeric, such as by
adding zero. Note that this is different to the effective gid ($)) which does take a list.
You can change both the real gid and the effective gid at the same time by using
"POSIX::setgid()". Changes to $( require a check to $! to detect any possible errors after
an attempted change.
Mnemonic: parentheses are used to group things. The real gid is the group you left, if
you're running setgid.
$EFFECTIVE_GROUP_ID
$EGID
$) The effective gid of this process. If you are on a machine that supports membership in
multiple groups simultaneously, gives a space separated list of groups you are in. The first
number is the one returned by "getegid()", and the subsequent ones by "getgroups()", one of
which may be the same as the first number.
Similarly, a value assigned to $) must also be a space-separated list of numbers. The first
number sets the effective gid, and the rest (if any) are passed to "setgroups()". To get the
effect of an empty list for "setgroups()", just repeat the new effective gid; that is, to
force an effective gid of 5 and an effectively empty "setgroups()" list, say " $) = "5 5" ".
You can change both the effective gid and the real gid at the same time by using
"POSIX::setgid()" (use only a single numeric argument). Changes to $) require a check to $!
to detect any possible errors after an attempted change.
$<, $>, $( and $) can be set only on machines that support the corresponding set[re][ug]id()
routine. $( and $) can be swapped only on machines supporting "setregid()".
Mnemonic: parentheses are used to group things. The effective gid is the group that's right
for you, if you're running setgid.
$REAL_USER_ID
$UID
$< The real uid of this process. You can change both the real uid and the effective uid at the
same time by using "POSIX::setuid()". Since changes to $< require a system call, check $!
after a change attempt to detect any possible errors.
Mnemonic: it's the uid you came from, if you're running setuid.
$EFFECTIVE_USER_ID
$EUID
$> The effective uid of this process. For example:
$< = $>; # set real to effective uid
($<,$>) = ($>,$<); # swap real and effective uids
You can change both the effective uid and the real uid at the same time by using
"POSIX::setuid()". Changes to $> require a check to $! to detect any possible errors after
an attempted change.
$< and $> can be swapped only on machines supporting "setreuid()".
Mnemonic: it's the uid you went to, if you're running setuid.
$SUBSCRIPT_SEPARATOR
$SUBSEP
$; The subscript separator for multidimensional array emulation. If you refer to a hash element
as
$foo{$a,$b,$c}
it really means
$foo{join($;, $a, $b, $c)}
But don't put
@foo{$a,$b,$c} # a slice--note the @
which means
($foo{$a},$foo{$b},$foo{$c})
Default is "\034", the same as SUBSEP in awk. If your keys contain binary data there might
not be any safe value for $;.
Consider using "real" multidimensional arrays as described in perllol.
Mnemonic: comma (the syntactic subscript separator) is a semi-semicolon.
$a
$b Special package variables when using "sort()", see "sort" in perlfunc. Because of this
specialness $a and $b don't need to be declared (using "use vars", or "our()") even when
using the "strict 'vars'" pragma. Don't lexicalize them with "my $a" or "my $b" if you want
to be able to use them in the "sort()" comparison block or function.
%ENV The hash %ENV contains your current environment. Setting a value in "ENV" changes the
environment for any child processes you subsequently "fork()" off.
$SYSTEM_FD_MAX
$^F The maximum system file descriptor, ordinarily 2. System file descriptors are passed to
"exec()"ed processes, while higher file descriptors are not. Also, during an "open()",
system file descriptors are preserved even if the "open()" fails (ordinary file descriptors
are closed before the "open()" is attempted). The close-on-exec status of a file descriptor
will be decided according to the value of $^F when the corresponding file, pipe, or socket
was opened, not the time of the "exec()".
@F The array @F contains the fields of each line read in when autosplit mode is turned on. See
perlrun for the -a switch. This array is package-specific, and must be declared or given a
full package name if not in package main when running under "strict 'vars'".
@INC The array @INC contains the list of places that the "do EXPR", "require", or "use" constructs
look for their library files. It initially consists of the arguments to any -I command-line
switches, followed by the default Perl library, probably /usr/local/lib/perl, followed by
".", to represent the current directory. ("." will not be appended if taint checks are
enabled, either by "-T" or by "-t".) If you need to modify this at runtime, you should use
the "use lib" pragma to get the machine-dependent library properly loaded also:
use lib '/mypath/libdir/';
use SomeMod;
You can also insert hooks into the file inclusion system by putting Perl code directly into
@INC. Those hooks may be subroutine references, array references or blessed objects. See
"require" in perlfunc for details.
%INC The hash %INC contains entries for each filename included via the "do", "require", or "use"
operators. The key is the filename you specified (with module names converted to pathnames),
and the value is the location of the file found. The "require" operator uses this hash to
determine whether a particular file has already been included.
If the file was loaded via a hook (e.g. a subroutine reference, see "require" in perlfunc for
a description of these hooks), this hook is by default inserted into %INC in place of a
filename. Note, however, that the hook may have set the %INC entry by itself to provide some
more specific info.
$INPLACE_EDIT
$^I The current value of the inplace-edit extension. Use "undef" to disable inplace editing.
Mnemonic: value of -i switch.
$^M By default, running out of memory is an untrappable, fatal error. However, if suitably
built, Perl can use the contents of $^M as an emergency memory pool after "die()"ing.
Suppose that your Perl were compiled with "-DPERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK" and used Perl's malloc.
Then
$^M = 'a' x (1 << 16);
would allocate a 64K buffer for use in an emergency. See the INSTALL file in the Perl
distribution for information on how to add custom C compilation flags when compiling perl.
To discourage casual use of this advanced feature, there is no English long name for this
variable.
This variable was added in Perl 5.004.
$OSNAME
$^O The name of the operating system under which this copy of Perl was built, as determined
during the configuration process. For examples see "PLATFORMS" in perlport.
The value is identical to $Config{'osname'}. See also Config and the -V command-line switch
documented in perlrun.
In Windows platforms, $^O is not very helpful: since it is always "MSWin32", it doesn't tell
the difference between 95/98/ME/NT/2000/XP/CE/.NET. Use "Win32::GetOSName()" or
Win32::GetOSVersion() (see Win32 and perlport) to distinguish between the variants.
This variable was added in Perl 5.003.
%SIG The hash %SIG contains signal handlers for signals. For example:
sub handler { # 1st argument is signal name
my($sig) = @_;
print "Caught a SIG$sig--shutting down\n";
close(LOG);
exit(0);
}
$SIG{'INT'} = \&handler;
$SIG{'QUIT'} = \&handler;
...
$SIG{'INT'} = 'DEFAULT'; # restore default action
$SIG{'QUIT'} = 'IGNORE'; # ignore SIGQUIT
Using a value of 'IGNORE' usually has the effect of ignoring the signal, except for the
"CHLD" signal. See perlipc for more about this special case.
Here are some other examples:
$SIG{"PIPE"} = "Plumber"; # assumes main::Plumber (not
# recommended)
$SIG{"PIPE"} = \&Plumber; # just fine; assume current
# Plumber
$SIG{"PIPE"} = *Plumber; # somewhat esoteric
$SIG{"PIPE"} = Plumber(); # oops, what did Plumber()
# return??
Be sure not to use a bareword as the name of a signal handler, lest you inadvertently call
it.
If your system has the "sigaction()" function then signal handlers are installed using it.
This means you get reliable signal handling.
The default delivery policy of signals changed in Perl 5.8.0 from immediate (also known as
"unsafe") to deferred, also known as "safe signals". See perlipc for more information.
Certain internal hooks can be also set using the %SIG hash. The routine indicated by
$SIG{__WARN__} is called when a warning message is about to be printed. The warning message
is passed as the first argument. The presence of a "__WARN__" hook causes the ordinary
printing of warnings to "STDERR" to be suppressed. You can use this to save warnings in a
variable, or turn warnings into fatal errors, like this:
local $SIG{__WARN__} = sub { die $_[0] };
eval $proggie;
As the 'IGNORE' hook is not supported by "__WARN__", you can disable warnings using the empty
subroutine:
local $SIG{__WARN__} = sub {};
The routine indicated by $SIG{__DIE__} is called when a fatal exception is about to be
thrown. The error message is passed as the first argument. When a "__DIE__" hook routine
returns, the exception processing continues as it would have in the absence of the hook,
unless the hook routine itself exits via a "goto &sub", a loop exit, or a "die()". The
"__DIE__" handler is explicitly disabled during the call, so that you can die from a
"__DIE__" handler. Similarly for "__WARN__".
Due to an implementation glitch, the $SIG{__DIE__} hook is called even inside an "eval()".
Do not use this to rewrite a pending exception in $@, or as a bizarre substitute for
overriding "CORE::GLOBAL::die()". This strange action at a distance may be fixed in a future
release so that $SIG{__DIE__} is only called if your program is about to exit, as was the
original intent. Any other use is deprecated.
"__DIE__"/"__WARN__" handlers are very special in one respect: they may be called to report
(probable) errors found by the parser. In such a case the parser may be in inconsistent
state, so any attempt to evaluate Perl code from such a handler will probably result in a
segfault. This means that warnings or errors that result from parsing Perl should be used
with extreme caution, like this:
require Carp if defined $^S;
Carp::confess("Something wrong") if defined &Carp::confess;
die "Something wrong, but could not load Carp to give "
. "backtrace...\n\t"
. "To see backtrace try starting Perl with -MCarp switch";
Here the first line will load "Carp" unless it is the parser who called the handler. The
second line will print backtrace and die if "Carp" was available. The third line will be
executed only if "Carp" was not available.
Having to even think about the $^S variable in your exception handlers is simply wrong.
$SIG{__DIE__} as currently implemented invites grievous and difficult to track down errors.
Avoid it and use an "END{}" or CORE::GLOBAL::die override instead.
See "die" in perlfunc, "warn" in perlfunc, "eval" in perlfunc, and warnings for additional
information.
$BASETIME
$^T The time at which the program began running, in seconds since the epoch (beginning of 1970).
The values returned by the -M, -A, and -C filetests are based on this value.
$PERL_VERSION
$^V The revision, version, and subversion of the Perl interpreter, represented as a "version"
object.
This variable first appeared in perl 5.6.0; earlier versions of perl will see an undefined
value. Before perl 5.10.0 $^V was represented as a v-string.
$^V can be used to determine whether the Perl interpreter executing a script is in the right
range of versions. For example:
warn "Hashes not randomized!\n" if !$^V or $^V lt v5.8.1
To convert $^V into its string representation use "sprintf()"'s "%vd" conversion:
printf "version is v%vd\n", $^V; # Perl's version
See the documentation of "use VERSION" and "require VERSION" for a convenient way to fail if
the running Perl interpreter is too old.
See also $] for an older representation of the Perl version.
This variable was added in Perl 5.6.
Mnemonic: use ^V for Version Control.
${^WIN32_SLOPPY_STAT}
If this variable is set to a true value, then "stat()" on Windows will not try to open the
file. This means that the link count cannot be determined and file attributes may be out of
date if additional hardlinks to the file exist. On the other hand, not opening the file is
considerably faster, especially for files on network drives.
This variable could be set in the sitecustomize.pl file to configure the local Perl
installation to use "sloppy" "stat()" by default. See the documentation for -f in perlrun
for more information about site customization.
This variable was added in Perl 5.10.
$EXECUTABLE_NAME
$^X The name used to execute the current copy of Perl, from C's "argv[0]" or (where supported)
/proc/self/exe.
Depending on the host operating system, the value of $^X may be a relative or absolute
pathname of the perl program file, or may be the string used to invoke perl but not the
pathname of the perl program file. Also, most operating systems permit invoking programs
that are not in the PATH environment variable, so there is no guarantee that the value of $^X
is in PATH. For VMS, the value may or may not include a version number.
You usually can use the value of $^X to re-invoke an independent copy of the same perl that
is currently running, e.g.,
@first_run = `$^X -le "print int rand 100 for 1..100"`;
But recall that not all operating systems support forking or capturing of the output of
commands, so this complex statement may not be portable.
It is not safe to use the value of $^X as a path name of a file, as some operating systems
that have a mandatory suffix on executable files do not require use of the suffix when
invoking a command. To convert the value of $^X to a path name, use the following
statements:
# Build up a set of file names (not command names).
use Config;
my $this_perl = $^X;
if ($^O ne 'VMS') {
$this_perl .= $Config{_exe}
unless $this_perl =~ m/$Config{_exe}$/i;
}
Because many operating systems permit anyone with read access to the Perl program file to
make a copy of it, patch the copy, and then execute the copy, the security-conscious Perl
programmer should take care to invoke the installed copy of perl, not the copy referenced by
$^X. The following statements accomplish this goal, and produce a pathname that can be
invoked as a command or referenced as a file.
use Config;
my $secure_perl_path = $Config{perlpath};
if ($^O ne 'VMS') {
$secure_perl_path .= $Config{_exe}
unless $secure_perl_path =~ m/$Config{_exe}$/i;
}
Variables related to regular expressions
Most of the special variables related to regular expressions are side effects. Perl sets these
variables when it has a successful match, so you should check the match result before using them.
For instance:
if( /P(A)TT(ER)N/ ) {
print "I found $1 and $2\n";
}
These variables are read-only and dynamically-scoped, unless we note otherwise.
The dynamic nature of the regular expression variables means that their value is limited to the block
that they are in, as demonstrated by this bit of code:
my $outer = 'Wallace and Grommit';
my $inner = 'Mutt and Jeff';
my $pattern = qr/(\S+) and (\S+)/;
sub show_n { print "\$1 is $1; \$2 is $2\n" }
{
OUTER:
show_n() if $outer =~ m/$pattern/;
INNER: {
show_n() if $inner =~ m/$pattern/;
}
show_n();
}
The output shows that while in the "OUTER" block, the values of $1 and $2 are from the match against
$outer. Inside the "INNER" block, the values of $1 and $2 are from the match against $inner, but
only until the end of the block (i.e. the dynamic scope). After the "INNER" block completes, the
values of $1 and $2 return to the values for the match against $outer even though we have not made
another match:
$1 is Wallace; $2 is Grommit
$1 is Mutt; $2 is Jeff
$1 is Wallace; $2 is Grommit
Due to an unfortunate accident of Perl's implementation, "use English" imposes a considerable
performance penalty on all regular expression matches in a program because it uses the "$`", $&, and
"$'", regardless of whether they occur in the scope of "use English". For that reason, saying "use
English" in libraries is strongly discouraged unless you import it without the match variables:
use English '-no_match_vars'
The "Devel::NYTProf" and "Devel::FindAmpersand" modules can help you find uses of these problematic
match variables in your code.
Since Perl 5.10, you can use the "/p" match operator flag and the "${^PREMATCH}", "${^MATCH}", and
"${^POSTMATCH}" variables instead so you only suffer the performance penalties.
$<digits> ($1, $2, ...)
Contains the subpattern from the corresponding set of capturing parentheses from the last
successful pattern match, not counting patterns matched in nested blocks that have been
exited already.
These variables are read-only and dynamically-scoped.
Mnemonic: like \digits.
$MATCH
$& The string matched by the last successful pattern match (not counting any matches hidden
within a BLOCK or "eval()" enclosed by the current BLOCK).
The use of this variable anywhere in a program imposes a considerable performance penalty on
all regular expression matches. To avoid this penalty, you can extract the same substring by
using "@-". Starting with Perl 5.10, you can use the "/p" match flag and the "${^MATCH}"
variable to do the same thing for particular match operations.
This variable is read-only and dynamically-scoped.
Mnemonic: like "&" in some editors.
${^MATCH}
This is similar to $& ($MATCH) except that it does not incur the performance penalty
associated with that variable, and is only guaranteed to return a defined value when the
pattern was compiled or executed with the "/p" modifier.
This variable was added in Perl 5.10.
This variable is read-only and dynamically-scoped.
$PREMATCH
$` The string preceding whatever was matched by the last successful pattern match, not counting
any matches hidden within a BLOCK or "eval" enclosed by the current BLOCK.
The use of this variable anywhere in a program imposes a considerable performance penalty on
all regular expression matches. To avoid this penalty, you can extract the same substring by
using "@-". Starting with Perl 5.10, you can use the "/p" match flag and the "${^PREMATCH}"
variable to do the same thing for particular match operations.
This variable is read-only and dynamically-scoped.
Mnemonic: "`" often precedes a quoted string.
${^PREMATCH}
This is similar to "$`" ($PREMATCH) except that it does not incur the performance penalty
associated with that variable, and is only guaranteed to return a defined value when the
pattern was compiled or executed with the "/p" modifier.
This variable was added in Perl 5.10
This variable is read-only and dynamically-scoped.
$POSTMATCH
$' The string following whatever was matched by the last successful pattern match (not counting
any matches hidden within a BLOCK or "eval()" enclosed by the current BLOCK). Example:
local $_ = 'abcdefghi';
/def/;
print "$`:$&:$'\n"; # prints abc:def:ghi
The use of this variable anywhere in a program imposes a considerable performance penalty on
all regular expression matches. To avoid this penalty, you can extract the same substring by
using "@-". Starting with Perl 5.10, you can use the "/p" match flag and the "${^POSTMATCH}"
variable to do the same thing for particular match operations.
This variable is read-only and dynamically-scoped.
Mnemonic: "'" often follows a quoted string.
${^POSTMATCH}
This is similar to "$'" ($POSTMATCH) except that it does not incur the performance penalty
associated with that variable, and is only guaranteed to return a defined value when the
pattern was compiled or executed with the "/p" modifier.
This variable was added in Perl 5.10.
This variable is read-only and dynamically-scoped.
$LAST_PAREN_MATCH
$+ The text matched by the last bracket of the last successful search pattern. This is useful
if you don't know which one of a set of alternative patterns matched. For example:
/Version: (.*)|Revision: (.*)/ && ($rev = $+);
This variable is read-only and dynamically-scoped.
Mnemonic: be positive and forward looking.
$LAST_SUBMATCH_RESULT
$^N The text matched by the used group most-recently closed (i.e. the group with the rightmost
closing parenthesis) of the last successful search pattern.
This is primarily used inside "(?{...})" blocks for examining text recently matched. For
example, to effectively capture text to a variable (in addition to $1, $2, etc.), replace
"(...)" with
(?:(...)(?{ $var = $^N }))
By setting and then using $var in this way relieves you from having to worry about exactly
which numbered set of parentheses they are.
This variable was added in Perl 5.8.
Mnemonic: the (possibly) Nested parenthesis that most recently closed.
@LAST_MATCH_END
@+ This array holds the offsets of the ends of the last successful submatches in the currently
active dynamic scope. $+[0] is the offset into the string of the end of the entire match.
This is the same value as what the "pos" function returns when called on the variable that
was matched against. The nth element of this array holds the offset of the nth submatch, so
$+[1] is the offset past where $1 ends, $+[2] the offset past where $2 ends, and so on. You
can use $#+ to determine how many subgroups were in the last successful match. See the
examples given for the "@-" variable.
This variable was added in Perl 5.6.
%LAST_PAREN_MATCH
%+ Similar to "@+", the "%+" hash allows access to the named capture buffers, should they exist,
in the last successful match in the currently active dynamic scope.
For example, $+{foo} is equivalent to $1 after the following match:
'foo' =~ /(?<foo>foo)/;
The keys of the "%+" hash list only the names of buffers that have captured (and that are
thus associated to defined values).
The underlying behaviour of "%+" is provided by the Tie::Hash::NamedCapture module.
Note: "%-" and "%+" are tied views into a common internal hash associated with the last
successful regular expression. Therefore mixing iterative access to them via "each" may have
unpredictable results. Likewise, if the last successful match changes, then the results may
be surprising.
This variable was added in Perl 5.10.
This variable is read-only and dynamically-scoped.
@LAST_MATCH_START
@- "$-[0]" is the offset of the start of the last successful match. "$-["n"]" is the offset of
the start of the substring matched by n-th subpattern, or undef if the subpattern did not
match.
Thus, after a match against $_, $& coincides with "substr $_, $-[0], $+[0] - $-[0]".
Similarly, $n coincides with "substr $_, $-[n], $+[n] - $-[n]" if "$-[n]" is defined, and $+
coincides with "substr $_, $-[$#-], $+[$#-] - $-[$#-]". One can use "$#-" to find the last
matched subgroup in the last successful match. Contrast with $#+, the number of subgroups in
the regular expression. Compare with "@+".
This array holds the offsets of the beginnings of the last successful submatches in the
currently active dynamic scope. "$-[0]" is the offset into the string of the beginning of
the entire match. The nth element of this array holds the offset of the nth submatch, so
"$-[1]" is the offset where $1 begins, "$-[2]" the offset where $2 begins, and so on.
After a match against some variable $var:
"$`" is the same as "substr($var, 0, $-[0])"
$& is the same as "substr($var, $-[0], $+[0] - $-[0])"
"$'" is the same as "substr($var, $+[0])"
$1 is the same as "substr($var, $-[1], $+[1] - $-[1])"
$2 is the same as "substr($var, $-[2], $+[2] - $-[2])"
$3 is the same as "substr($var, $-[3], $+[3] - $-[3])"
This variable was added in Perl 5.6.
%LAST_MATCH_START
%- Similar to "%+", this variable allows access to the named capture groups in the last
successful match in the currently active dynamic scope. To each capture group name found in
the regular expression, it associates a reference to an array containing the list of values
captured by all buffers with that name (should there be several of them), in the order where
they appear.
Here's an example:
if ('1234' =~ /(?<A>1)(?<B>2)(?<A>3)(?<B>4)/) {
foreach my $bufname (sort keys %-) {
my $ary = $-{$bufname};
foreach my $idx (0..$#$ary) {
print "\$-{$bufname}[$idx] : ",
(defined($ary->[$idx])
? "'$ary->[$idx]'"
: "undef"),
"\n";
}
}
}
would print out:
$-{A}[0] : '1'
$-{A}[1] : '3'
$-{B}[0] : '2'
$-{B}[1] : '4'
The keys of the "%-" hash correspond to all buffer names found in the regular expression.
The behaviour of "%-" is implemented via the Tie::Hash::NamedCapture module.
Note: "%-" and "%+" are tied views into a common internal hash associated with the last
successful regular expression. Therefore mixing iterative access to them via "each" may have
unpredictable results. Likewise, if the last successful match changes, then the results may
be surprising.
This variable was added in Perl 5.10
This variable is read-only and dynamically-scoped.
$LAST_REGEXP_CODE_RESULT
$^R The result of evaluation of the last successful "(?{ code })" regular expression assertion
(see perlre). May be written to.
This variable was added in Perl 5.005.
${^RE_DEBUG_FLAGS}
The current value of the regex debugging flags. Set to 0 for no debug output even when the
"re 'debug'" module is loaded. See re for details.
This variable was added in Perl 5.10.
${^RE_TRIE_MAXBUF}
Controls how certain regex optimisations are applied and how much memory they utilize. This
value by default is 65536 which corresponds to a 512kB temporary cache. Set this to a higher
value to trade memory for speed when matching large alternations. Set it to a lower value if
you want the optimisations to be as conservative of memory as possible but still occur, and
set it to a negative value to prevent the optimisation and conserve the most memory. Under
normal situations this variable should be of no interest to you.
This variable was added in Perl 5.10.
Variables related to filehandles
Variables that depend on the currently selected filehandle may be set by calling an appropriate
object method on the "IO::Handle" object, although this is less efficient than using the regular
built-in variables. (Summary lines below for this contain the word HANDLE.) First you must say
use IO::Handle;
after which you may use either
method HANDLE EXPR
or more safely,
HANDLE->method(EXPR)
Each method returns the old value of the "IO::Handle" attribute. The methods each take an optional
EXPR, which, if supplied, specifies the new value for the "IO::Handle" attribute in question. If not
supplied, most methods do nothing to the current value--except for "autoflush()", which will assume a
1 for you, just to be different.
Because loading in the "IO::Handle" class is an expensive operation, you should learn how to use the
regular built-in variables.
A few of these variables are considered "read-only". This means that if you try to assign to this
variable, either directly or indirectly through a reference, you'll raise a run-time exception.
You should be very careful when modifying the default values of most special variables described in
this document. In most cases you want to localize these variables before changing them, since if you
don't, the change may affect other modules which rely on the default values of the special variables
that you have changed. This is one of the correct ways to read the whole file at once:
open my $fh, "<", "foo" or die $!;
local $/; # enable localized slurp mode
my $content = <$fh>;
close $fh;
But the following code is quite bad:
open my $fh, "<", "foo" or die $!;
undef $/; # enable slurp mode
my $content = <$fh>;
close $fh;
since some other module, may want to read data from some file in the default "line mode", so if the
code we have just presented has been executed, the global value of $/ is now changed for any other
code running inside the same Perl interpreter.
Usually when a variable is localized you want to make sure that this change affects the shortest
scope possible. So unless you are already inside some short "{}" block, you should create one
yourself. For example:
my $content = '';
open my $fh, "<", "foo" or die $!;
{
local $/;
$content = <$fh>;
}
close $fh;
Here is an example of how your own code can go broken:
for ( 1..3 ){
$\ = "\r\n";
nasty_break();
print "$_";
}
sub nasty_break {
$\ = "\f";
# do something with $_
}
You probably expect this code to print the equivalent of
"1\r\n2\r\n3\r\n"
but instead you get:
"1\f2\f3\f"
Why? Because "nasty_break()" modifies "$\" without localizing it first. The value you set in
"nasty_break()" is still there when you return. The fix is to add "local()" so the value doesn't
leak out of "nasty_break()":
local $\ = "\f";
It's easy to notice the problem in such a short example, but in more complicated code you are looking
for trouble if you don't localize changes to the special variables.
$ARGV Contains the name of the current file when reading from "<>".
@ARGV The array @ARGV contains the command-line arguments intended for the script. $#ARGV is
generally the number of arguments minus one, because $ARGV[0] is the first argument, not the
program's command name itself. See "$0" for the command name.
ARGV The special filehandle that iterates over command-line filenames in @ARGV. Usually written
as the null filehandle in the angle operator "<>". Note that currently "ARGV" only has its
magical effect within the "<>" operator; elsewhere it is just a plain filehandle
corresponding to the last file opened by "<>". In particular, passing "\*ARGV" as a
parameter to a function that expects a filehandle may not cause your function to
automatically read the contents of all the files in @ARGV.
ARGVOUT The special filehandle that points to the currently open output file when doing edit-in-place
processing with -i. Useful when you have to do a lot of inserting and don't want to keep
modifying $_. See perlrun for the -i switch.
Handle->output_field_separator( EXPR )
$OUTPUT_FIELD_SEPARATOR
$OFS
$, The output field separator for the print operator. If defined, this value is printed between
each of print's arguments. Default is "undef".
Mnemonic: what is printed when there is a "," in your print statement.
HANDLE->input_line_number( EXPR )
$INPUT_LINE_NUMBER
$NR
$. Current line number for the last filehandle accessed.
Each filehandle in Perl counts the number of lines that have been read from it. (Depending
on the value of $/, Perl's idea of what constitutes a line may not match yours.) When a line
is read from a filehandle (via "readline()" or "<>"), or when "tell()" or "seek()" is called
on it, $. becomes an alias to the line counter for that filehandle.
You can adjust the counter by assigning to $., but this will not actually move the seek
pointer. Localizing $. will not localize the filehandle's line count. Instead, it will
localize perl's notion of which filehandle $. is currently aliased to.
$. is reset when the filehandle is closed, but not when an open filehandle is reopened
without an intervening "close()". For more details, see "I/O Operators" in perlop. Because
"<>" never does an explicit close, line numbers increase across "ARGV" files (but see
examples in "eof" in perlfunc).
You can also use "HANDLE->input_line_number(EXPR)" to access the line counter for a given
filehandle without having to worry about which handle you last accessed.
Mnemonic: many programs use "." to mean the current line number.
HANDLE->input_record_separator( EXPR )
$INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR
$RS
$/ The input record separator, newline by default. This influences Perl's idea of what a "line"
is. Works like awk's RS variable, including treating empty lines as a terminator if set to
the null string (an empty line cannot contain any spaces or tabs). You may set it to a
multi-character string to match a multi-character terminator, or to "undef" to read through
the end of file. Setting it to "\n\n" means something slightly different than setting to "",
if the file contains consecutive empty lines. Setting to "" will treat two or more
consecutive empty lines as a single empty line. Setting to "\n\n" will blindly assume that
the next input character belongs to the next paragraph, even if it's a newline.
local $/; # enable "slurp" mode
local $_ = <FH>; # whole file now here
s/\n[ \t]+/ /g;
Remember: the value of $/ is a string, not a regex. awk has to be better for something. :-)
Setting $/ to a reference to an integer, scalar containing an integer, or scalar that's
convertible to an integer will attempt to read records instead of lines, with the maximum
record size being the referenced integer. So this:
local $/ = \32768; # or \"32768", or \$var_containing_32768
open my $fh, "<", $myfile or die $!;
local $_ = <$fh>;
will read a record of no more than 32768 bytes from FILE. If you're not reading from a
record-oriented file (or your OS doesn't have record-oriented files), then you'll likely get
a full chunk of data with every read. If a record is larger than the record size you've set,
you'll get the record back in pieces. Trying to set the record size to zero or less will
cause reading in the (rest of the) whole file.
On VMS only, record reads bypass PerlIO layers and any associated buffering,so you must not
mix record and non-record reads on the same filehandle. Record mode mixes with line mode
only when the same buffering layer is in use for both modes.
If you perform a record read on a FILE with an encoding layer such as ":encoding(latin1)" or
":utf8", you may get an invalid string as a result, may leave the FILE positioned between
characters in the stream and may not be reading the number of bytes from the underlying file
that you specified. This behaviour may change without warning in a future version of perl.
See also "Newlines" in perlport. Also see "$.".
Mnemonic: / delimits line boundaries when quoting poetry.
Handle->output_record_separator( EXPR )
$OUTPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR
$ORS
$\ The output record separator for the print operator. If defined, this value is printed after
the last of print's arguments. Default is "undef".
Mnemonic: you set "$\" instead of adding "\n" at the end of the print. Also, it's just like
$/, but it's what you get "back" from Perl.
HANDLE->autoflush( EXPR )
$OUTPUT_AUTOFLUSH
$| If set to nonzero, forces a flush right away and after every write or print on the currently
selected output channel. Default is 0 (regardless of whether the channel is really buffered
by the system or not; $| tells you only whether you've asked Perl explicitly to flush after
each write). STDOUT will typically be line buffered if output is to the terminal and block
buffered otherwise. Setting this variable is useful primarily when you are outputting to a
pipe or socket, such as when you are running a Perl program under rsh and want to see the
output as it's happening. This has no effect on input buffering. See "getc" in perlfunc for
that. See "select" in perlfunc on how to select the output channel. See also IO::Handle.
Mnemonic: when you want your pipes to be piping hot.
Variables related to formats
The special variables for formats are a subset of those for filehandles. See perlform for more
information about Perl's formats.
$ACCUMULATOR
$^A The current value of the "write()" accumulator for "format()" lines. A format contains
"formline()" calls that put their result into $^A. After calling its format, "write()"
prints out the contents of $^A and empties. So you never really see the contents of $^A
unless you call "formline()" yourself and then look at it. See perlform and "formline
PICTURE,LIST" in perlfunc.
HANDLE->format_formfeed(EXPR)
$FORMAT_FORMFEED
$^L What formats output as a form feed. The default is "\f".
HANDLE->format_page_number(EXPR)
$FORMAT_PAGE_NUMBER
$% The current page number of the currently selected output channel.
Mnemonic: "%" is page number in nroff.
HANDLE->format_lines_left(EXPR)
$FORMAT_LINES_LEFT
$- The number of lines left on the page of the currently selected output channel.
Mnemonic: lines_on_page - lines_printed.
Handle->format_line_break_characters EXPR
$FORMAT_LINE_BREAK_CHARACTERS
$: The current set of characters after which a string may be broken to fill continuation fields
(starting with "^") in a format. The default is " \n-", to break on a space, newline, or a
hyphen.
Mnemonic: a "colon" in poetry is a part of a line.
HANDLE->format_lines_per_page(EXPR)
$FORMAT_LINES_PER_PAGE
$= The current page length (printable lines) of the currently selected output channel. The
default is 60.
Mnemonic: = has horizontal lines.
HANDLE->format_top_name(EXPR)
$FORMAT_TOP_NAME
$^ The name of the current top-of-page format for the currently selected output channel. The
default is the name of the filehandle with "_TOP" appended. For example, the default format
top name for the "STDOUT" filehandle is "STDOUT_TOP".
Mnemonic: points to top of page.
HANDLE->format_name(EXPR)
$FORMAT_NAME
$~ The name of the current report format for the currently selected output channel. The default
format name is the same as the filehandle name. For example, the default format name for the
"STDOUT" filehandle is just "STDOUT".
Mnemonic: brother to $^.
Error Variables
The variables $@, $!, $^E, and $? contain information about different types of error conditions that
may appear during execution of a Perl program. The variables are shown ordered by the "distance"
between the subsystem which reported the error and the Perl process. They correspond to errors
detected by the Perl interpreter, C library, operating system, or an external program, respectively.
To illustrate the differences between these variables, consider the following Perl expression, which
uses a single-quoted string. After execution of this statement, perl may have set all four special
error variables:
eval q{
open my $pipe, "/cdrom/install |" or die $!;
my @res = <$pipe>;
close $pipe or die "bad pipe: $?, $!";
};
When perl executes the "eval()" expression, it translates the "open()", "<PIPE>", and "close" calls
in the C run-time library and thence to the operating system kernel. perl sets $! to the C library's
"errno" if one of these calls fails.
$@ is set if the string to be "eval"-ed did not compile (this may happen if "open" or "close" were
imported with bad prototypes), or if Perl code executed during evaluation "die()"d. In these cases
the value of $@ is the compile error, or the argument to "die" (which will interpolate $! and $?).
(See also Fatal, though.)
Under a few operating systems, $^E may contain a more verbose error indicator, such as in this case,
"CDROM tray not closed." Systems that do not support extended error messages leave $^E the same as
$!.
Finally, $? may be set to non-0 value if the external program /cdrom/install fails. The upper eight
bits reflect specific error conditions encountered by the program (the program's "exit()" value).
The lower eight bits reflect mode of failure, like signal death and core dump information. See
wait(2) for details. In contrast to $! and $^E, which are set only if error condition is detected,
the variable $? is set on each "wait" or pipe "close", overwriting the old value. This is more like
$@, which on every "eval()" is always set on failure and cleared on success.
For more details, see the individual descriptions at $@, $!, $^E, and $?.
${^CHILD_ERROR_NATIVE}
The native status returned by the last pipe close, backtick ("``") command, successful call
to "wait()" or "waitpid()", or from the "system()" operator. On POSIX-like systems this
value can be decoded with the WIFEXITED, WEXITSTATUS, WIFSIGNALED, WTERMSIG, WIFSTOPPED,
WSTOPSIG and WIFCONTINUED functions provided by the POSIX module.
Under VMS this reflects the actual VMS exit status; i.e. it is the same as $? when the pragma
"use vmsish 'status'" is in effect.
This variable was added in Perl 5.8.9.
$EXTENDED_OS_ERROR
$^E Error information specific to the current operating system. At the moment, this differs from
$! under only VMS, OS/2, and Win32 (and for MacPerl). On all other platforms, $^E is always
just the same as $!.
Under VMS, $^E provides the VMS status value from the last system error. This is more
specific information about the last system error than that provided by $!. This is
particularly important when $! is set to EVMSERR.
Under OS/2, $^E is set to the error code of the last call to OS/2 API either via CRT, or
directly from perl.
Under Win32, $^E always returns the last error information reported by the Win32 call
"GetLastError()" which describes the last error from within the Win32 API. Most
Win32-specific code will report errors via $^E. ANSI C and Unix-like calls set "errno" and
so most portable Perl code will report errors via $!.
Caveats mentioned in the description of $! generally apply to $^E, also.
This variable was added in Perl 5.003.
Mnemonic: Extra error explanation.
$EXCEPTIONS_BEING_CAUGHT
$^S Current state of the interpreter.
$^S State
--------- -------------------undef ------------------undef
undef Parsing module/eval
true (1) Executing an eval
false (0) Otherwise
The first state may happen in $SIG{__DIE__} and $SIG{__WARN__} handlers.
This variable was added in Perl 5.004.
$WARNING
$^W The current value of the warning switch, initially true if -w was used, false otherwise, but
directly modifiable.
See also warnings.
Mnemonic: related to the -w switch.
${^WARNING_BITS}
The current set of warning checks enabled by the "use warnings" pragma. It has the same
scoping as the $^H and "%^H" variables. The exact values are considered internal to the
warnings pragma and may change between versions of Perl.
This variable was added in Perl 5.6.
$OS_ERROR
$ERRNO
$! When referenced, $! retrieves the current value of the C "errno" integer variable. If $! is
assigned a numerical value, that value is stored in "errno". When referenced as a string, $!
yields the system error string corresponding to "errno".
Many system or library calls set "errno" if they fail, to indicate the cause of failure.
They usually do not set "errno" to zero if they succeed. This means "errno", hence $!, is
meaningful only immediately after a failure:
if (open my $fh, "<", $filename) {
# Here $! is meaningless.
...
}
else {
# ONLY here is $! meaningful.
...
# Already here $! might be meaningless.
}
# Since here we might have either success or failure,
# $! is meaningless.
Here, meaningless means that $! may be unrelated to the outcome of the "open()" operator.
Assignment to $! is similarly ephemeral. It can be used immediately before invoking the
"die()" operator, to set the exit value, or to inspect the system error string corresponding
to error n, or to restore $! to a meaningful state.
Mnemonic: What just went bang?
%OS_ERROR
%ERRNO
%! Each element of "%!" has a true value only if $! is set to that value. For example,
$!{ENOENT} is true if and only if the current value of $! is "ENOENT"; that is, if the most
recent error was "No such file or directory" (or its moral equivalent: not all operating
systems give that exact error, and certainly not all languages). To check if a particular
key is meaningful on your system, use "exists $!{the_key}"; for a list of legal keys, use
"keys %!". See Errno for more information, and also see "$!".
This variable was added in Perl 5.005.
$CHILD_ERROR
$? The status returned by the last pipe close, backtick ("``") command, successful call to
"wait()" or "waitpid()", or from the "system()" operator. This is just the 16-bit status
word returned by the traditional Unix "wait()" system call (or else is made up to look like
it). Thus, the exit value of the subprocess is really ("$? >> 8"), and "$? & 127" gives
which signal, if any, the process died from, and "$? & 128" reports whether there was a core
dump.
Additionally, if the "h_errno" variable is supported in C, its value is returned via $? if
any "gethost*()" function fails.
If you have installed a signal handler for "SIGCHLD", the value of $? will usually be wrong
outside that handler.
Inside an "END" subroutine $? contains the value that is going to be given to "exit()". You
can modify $? in an "END" subroutine to change the exit status of your program. For example:
END {
$? = 1 if $? == 255; # die would make it 255
}
Under VMS, the pragma "use vmsish 'status'" makes $? reflect the actual VMS exit status,
instead of the default emulation of POSIX status; see "$?" in perlvms for details.
Mnemonic: similar to sh and ksh.
$EVAL_ERROR
$@ The Perl syntax error message from the last "eval()" operator. If $@ is the null string, the
last "eval()" parsed and executed correctly (although the operations you invoked may have
failed in the normal fashion).
Warning messages are not collected in this variable. You can, however, set up a routine to
process warnings by setting $SIG{__WARN__} as described in "%SIG".
Mnemonic: Where was the syntax error "at"?
Variables related to the interpreter state
These variables provide information about the current interpreter state.
$COMPILING
$^C The current value of the flag associated with the -c switch. Mainly of use with -MO=... to
allow code to alter its behavior when being compiled, such as for example to "AUTOLOAD" at
compile time rather than normal, deferred loading. Setting "$^C = 1" is similar to calling
"B::minus_c".
This variable was added in Perl 5.6.
$DEBUGGING
$^D The current value of the debugging flags. May be read or set. Like its command-line
equivalent, you can use numeric or symbolic values, eg "$^D = 10" or "$^D = "st"".
Mnemonic: value of -D switch.
${^ENCODING}
The object reference to the "Encode" object that is used to convert the source code to
Unicode. Thanks to this variable your Perl script does not have to be written in UTF-8.
Default is undef. The direct manipulation of this variable is highly discouraged.
This variable was added in Perl 5.8.2.
${^GLOBAL_PHASE}
The current phase of the perl interpreter.
Possible values are:
CONSTRUCT
The "PerlInterpreter*" is being constructed via "perl_construct". This value is
mostly there for completeness and for use via the underlying C variable "PL_phase".
It's not really possible for Perl code to be executed unless construction of the
interpreter is finished.
START This is the global compile-time. That includes, basically, every "BEGIN" block
executed directly or indirectly from during the compile-time of the top-level
program.
This phase is not called "BEGIN" to avoid confusion with "BEGIN"-blocks, as those are
executed during compile-time of any compilation unit, not just the top-level program.
A new, localised compile-time entered at run-time, for example by constructs as "eval
"use SomeModule"" are not global interpreter phases, and therefore aren't reflected
by "${^GLOBAL_PHASE}".
CHECK Execution of any "CHECK" blocks.
INIT Similar to "CHECK", but for "INIT"-blocks, not "CHECK" blocks.
RUN The main run-time, i.e. the execution of "PL_main_root".
END Execution of any "END" blocks.
DESTRUCT
Global destruction.
Also note that there's no value for UNITCHECK-blocks. That's because those are run for each
compilation unit individually, and therefore is not a global interpreter phase.
Not every program has to go through each of the possible phases, but transition from one
phase to another can only happen in the order described in the above list.
An example of all of the phases Perl code can see:
BEGIN { print "compile-time: ${^GLOBAL_PHASE}\n" }
INIT { print "init-time: ${^GLOBAL_PHASE}\n" }
CHECK { print "check-time: ${^GLOBAL_PHASE}\n" }
{
package Print::Phase;
sub new {
my ($class, $time) = @_;
return bless \$time, $class;
}
sub DESTROY {
my $self = shift;
print "$$self: ${^GLOBAL_PHASE}\n";
}
}
print "run-time: ${^GLOBAL_PHASE}\n";
my $runtime = Print::Phase->new(
"lexical variables are garbage collected before END"
);
END { print "end-time: ${^GLOBAL_PHASE}\n" }
our $destruct = Print::Phase->new(
"package variables are garbage collected after END"
);
This will print out
compile-time: START
check-time: CHECK
init-time: INIT
run-time: RUN
lexical variables are garbage collected before END: RUN
end-time: END
package variables are garbage collected after END: DESTRUCT
This variable was added in Perl 5.14.0.
$^H WARNING: This variable is strictly for internal use only. Its availability, behavior, and
contents are subject to change without notice.
This variable contains compile-time hints for the Perl interpreter. At the end of
compilation of a BLOCK the value of this variable is restored to the value when the
interpreter started to compile the BLOCK.
When perl begins to parse any block construct that provides a lexical scope (e.g., eval body,
required file, subroutine body, loop body, or conditional block), the existing value of $^H
is saved, but its value is left unchanged. When the compilation of the block is completed,
it regains the saved value. Between the points where its value is saved and restored, code
that executes within BEGIN blocks is free to change the value of $^H.
This behavior provides the semantic of lexical scoping, and is used in, for instance, the
"use strict" pragma.
The contents should be an integer; different bits of it are used for different pragmatic
flags. Here's an example:
sub add_100 { $^H |= 0x100 }
sub foo {
BEGIN { add_100() }
bar->baz($boon);
}
Consider what happens during execution of the BEGIN block. At this point the BEGIN block has
already been compiled, but the body of "foo()" is still being compiled. The new value of $^H
will therefore be visible only while the body of "foo()" is being compiled.
Substitution of "BEGIN { add_100() }" block with:
BEGIN { require strict; strict->import('vars') }
demonstrates how "use strict 'vars'" is implemented. Here's a conditional version of the
same lexical pragma:
BEGIN {
require strict; strict->import('vars') if $condition
}
This variable was added in Perl 5.003.
%^H The "%^H" hash provides the same scoping semantic as $^H. This makes it useful for
implementation of lexically scoped pragmas. See perlpragma.
When putting items into "%^H", in order to avoid conflicting with other users of the hash
there is a convention regarding which keys to use. A module should use only keys that begin
with the module's name (the name of its main package) and a "/" character. For example, a
module "Foo::Bar" should use keys such as "Foo::Bar/baz".
This variable was added in Perl 5.6.
${^OPEN}
An internal variable used by PerlIO. A string in two parts, separated by a "\0" byte, the
first part describes the input layers, the second part describes the output layers.
This variable was added in Perl 5.8.0.
$PERLDB
$^P The internal variable for debugging support. The meanings of the various bits are subject to
change, but currently indicate:
0x01 Debug subroutine enter/exit.
0x02 Line-by-line debugging. Causes "DB::DB()" subroutine to be called for each statement
executed. Also causes saving source code lines (like 0x400).
0x04 Switch off optimizations.
0x08 Preserve more data for future interactive inspections.
0x10 Keep info about source lines on which a subroutine is defined.
0x20 Start with single-step on.
0x40 Use subroutine address instead of name when reporting.
0x80 Report "goto &subroutine" as well.
0x100 Provide informative "file" names for evals based on the place they were compiled.
0x200 Provide informative names to anonymous subroutines based on the place they were
compiled.
0x400 Save source code lines into "@{"_<$filename"}".
Some bits may be relevant at compile-time only, some at run-time only. This is a new
mechanism and the details may change. See also perldebguts.
${^TAINT}
Reflects if taint mode is on or off. 1 for on (the program was run with -T), 0 for off, -1
when only taint warnings are enabled (i.e. with -t or -TU).
This variable is read-only.
This variable was added in Perl 5.8.
${^UNICODE}
Reflects certain Unicode settings of Perl. See perlrun documentation for the "-C" switch for
more information about the possible values.
This variable is set during Perl startup and is thereafter read-only.
This variable was added in Perl 5.8.2.
${^UTF8CACHE}
This variable controls the state of the internal UTF-8 offset caching code. 1 for on (the
default), 0 for off, -1 to debug the caching code by checking all its results against linear
scans, and panicking on any discrepancy.
This variable was added in Perl 5.8.9.
${^UTF8LOCALE}
This variable indicates whether a UTF-8 locale was detected by perl at startup. This
information is used by perl when it's in adjust-utf8ness-to-locale mode (as when run with the
"-CL" command-line switch); see perlrun for more info on this.
This variable was added in Perl 5.8.8.
Deprecated and removed variables
Deprecating a variable announces the intent of the perl maintainers to eventually remove the variable
from the language. It may still be available despite its status. Using a deprecated variable
triggers a warning.
Once a variable is removed, its use triggers an error telling you the variable is unsupported.
See perldiag for details about error messages.
$OFMT
$# $# was a variable that could be used to format printed numbers. After a deprecation cycle,
its magic was removed in Perl 5.10 and using it now triggers a warning: "$# is no longer
supported".
This is not the sigil you use in front of an array name to get the last index, like $#array.
That's still how you get the last index of an array in Perl. The two have nothing to do with
each other.
Deprecated in Perl 5.
Removed in Perl 5.10.
$* $* was a variable that you could use to enable multiline matching. After a deprecation
cycle, its magic was removed in Perl 5.10. Using it now triggers a warning: "$* is no longer
supported". You should use the "/s" and "/m" regexp modifiers instead.
Deprecated in Perl 5.
Removed in Perl 5.10.
$ARRAY_BASE
$[ This variable stores the index of the first element in an array, and of the first character
in a substring. The default is 0, but you could theoretically set it to 1 to make Perl
behave more like awk (or Fortran) when subscripting and when evaluating the index() and
substr() functions.
As of release 5 of Perl, assignment to $[ is treated as a compiler directive, and cannot
influence the behavior of any other file. (That's why you can only assign compile-time
constants to it.) Its use is highly discouraged.
Prior to Perl 5.10, assignment to $[ could be seen from outer lexical scopes in the same
file, unlike other compile-time directives (such as strict). Using local() on it would bind
its value strictly to a lexical block. Now it is always lexically scoped.
As of Perl 5.16, it is implemented by the arybase module. See arybase for more details on
its behaviour.
Under "use v5.16", or "no feature "array_base"", $[ no longer has any effect, and always
contains 0. Assigning 0 to it is permitted, but any other value will produce an error.
Mnemonic: [ begins subscripts.
Deprecated in Perl 5.12.
$OLD_PERL_VERSION
$] See "$^V" for a more modern representation of the Perl version that allows accurate string
comparisons.
The version + patchlevel / 1000 of the Perl interpreter. This variable can be used to
determine whether the Perl interpreter executing a script is in the right range of versions:
warn "No checksumming!\n" if $] < 3.019;
The floating point representation can sometimes lead to inaccurate numeric comparisons.
See also the documentation of "use VERSION" and "require VERSION" for a convenient way to
fail if the running Perl interpreter is too old.
Mnemonic: Is this version of perl in the right bracket?
perl v5.16.2 2012-10-25 PERLVAR(1)
|
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