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top(1) top(1)
NAME
top - display and update sorted information about processes
SYNOPSIS
top [-a | -d | -e | -c <mode>]
[-F | -f]
[-h]
[-i <interval>]
[-l <samples>]
[-ncols <columns>]
[-o <key>] [-O <skey>]
[-R | -r]
[-S]
[-s <delay>]
[-n <nprocs>]
[-stats <keys>]
[-pid <processid>]
[-user <username>]
[-U <username>]
[-u]
DESCRIPTION
The top program periodically displays a sorted list of system processes. The default sorting key is
pid, but other keys can be used instead. Various output options are available.
OPTIONS
Command line option specifications are processed from left to right. Options can be specified more
than once. If conflicting options are specified, later specifications override earlier ones. This
makes it viable to create a shell alias for top with preferred defaults specified, then override
those preferred defaults as desired on the command line.
-a Equivalent to -c a.
-c <mode>
Set event counting mode to <mode>. The supported modes are:
a Accumulative mode. Count events cumulatively, starting at the launch of top. Calcu-late Calculate
late CPU usage and CPU time since the launch of top.
d Delta mode. Count events relative to the previous sample. Calculate CPU usage since
the previous sample. This mode by default disables the memory object map reporting.
The memory object map reporting may be re-enabled with the -r option or the interactive
r command.
e Absolute mode. Count events using absolute counters.
n Non-event mode (default). Calculate CPU usage since the previous sample.
-d Equivalent to -c d.
-e Equivalent to -c e.
-F Do not calculate statistics on shared libraries, also known as frameworks.
-f Calculate statistics on shared libraries, also known as frameworks (default).
-h Print command line usage information and exit.
-i <interval>
Update framework (-f) info every <interval> samples; see the PERFORMANCE vs. ACCURACY section
below for more details.
-l <samples>
Use logging mode and display <samples> samples, even if standard output is a terminal. 0 is
treated as infinity. Rather than redisplaying, output is periodically printed in raw form.
Note that the first sample displayed will have an invalid %CPU displayed for each process, as
it is calculated using the delta between samples.
-ncols <columns>
Display <columns> when using logging mode. The default is infinite. The number must be > 0
or an error will occur.
-n <nprocs>
Only display up to <nprocs> processes.
-O <skey>
Use <skey> as a secondary key when ordering the process display. See -o for key names (pid is
the default).
-o <key>
Order the process display by sorting on <key> in descending order. A + or - can be prefixed
to the key name to specify ascending or descending order, respectively. The supported keys
are:
pid Process ID (default).
command
Command name.
cpu CPU usage.
csw Number of context switches.
time Execution time.
threads
alias: th
Number of threads (total/running).
ports alias: prt
Number of Mach ports.
mregion
alias: mreg, reg
Number of memory regions.
mem Internal memory size.
rprvt Resident private address space size.
purg Purgeable memory size.
vsize Total memory size.
vprvt Private address space size.
kprvt Private kernel memory size.
kshrd Shared kernel memory size.
pgrp Process group id.
ppid Parent process id.
state alias: pstate
Process state.
uid User ID.
wq alias: #wq, workqueue
The workqueue total/running.
faults alias: fault
The number of page faults.
cow alias: cow_faults
The copy-on-write faults.
user alias: username Username.
msgsent
Total number of mach messages sent.
msgrecv
Total number of mach messages received.
sysbsd Total BSD syscalls.
sysmach
Total Mach syscalls.
pageins
Total pageins.
-R Do not traverse and report the memory object map for each process.
-r Traverse and report the memory object map for each process (default).
-S Display the global statistics for swap and purgeable memory.
-s <delay>
Set the delay between updates to <delay> seconds. The default delay between updates is 1 sec-ond. second.
ond.
-stats <keys>
Only display the comma separated statistics. See the -o flag for the valid <keys>.
-pid <processid>
Only display <processid> in top.
-user <user>
Only display processes owned by <user>.
-U <user>
This is an alias for -user.
-u This is an alias equivalent to: -o cpu -O time.
DISPLAY
The first several lines of the top display show various global state. All of the information is la-beled. labeled.
beled. Following is an alphabetical list of global state fields and their descriptions.
CPU Percentage of processor usage, broken into user, system, and idle components. The time
period for which these percentages are calculated depends on the event counting mode.
Disks Number and total size of disk reads and writes.
LoadAvg Load average over 1, 5, and 15 minutes. The load average is the average number of jobs
in the run queue.
MemRegions Number and total size of memory regions, and total size of memory regions broken into
private (broken into non-library and library) and shared components.
Networks Number and total size of input and output network packets.
PhysMem Physical memory usage, broken into wired, active, inactive, used, and free components.
Procs Total number of processes and number of processes in each process state.
SharedLibs Resident sizes of code and data segments, and link editor memory usage.
Threads Number of threads.
Time Time, in H:MM:SS format. When running in logging mode Time is in YYYY/MM/DD HH:MM:SS
format by default, but may be overridden with accumulative mode. When running in accumu-lative accumulative
lative event counting mode, the Time is in HH:MM:SS since the beginning of the top
process.
VirtMem Total virtual memory, virtual memory consumed by shared libraries, and number of pageins
and pageouts.
Swap Swap usage: total size of swap areas, amount of swap space in use and amount of swap
space available.
Purgeable Number of pages purged and number of pages currently purgeable.
Below the global state fields, a list of processes is displayed. The fields that are displayed de-pend depend
pend on the options that are set. The pid field displays the following for the architecture:
+ for 64-bit native architecture, or - for 32-bit native architecture, or * for a non-na-tive non-native
tive architecture.
INTERACTION
When top is run in interactive (non-logging) mode, it is possible to control the output of
top, as well as interactively send signals to processes. The interactive command syntax is
terse. Each command is one character, followed by 0 to 2 arguments. Commands that take argu-ments arguments
ments prompt interactively for the arguments, and where applicable, the default value is shown
in square brackets. The default value can be selected by leaving the input field blank and
pressing enter. ^G escapes the interactive argument prompt, and has the same effect as leav-ing leaving
ing the input field blank and pressing enter.
The following commands are supported:
? Display the help screen. Any character exits help screen mode. This command always works,
even in the middle of a command.
^L Redraw the screen.
c<mode>
Set output mode to <mode>. The supported modes are:
a Accumulative mode.
d Delta mode.
e Event mode.
n Non-event mode.
O<skey>
Use <skey> as a secondary key when ordering the process display. See the -o option for key
names.
o<key>
Order the process display by sorting on <key> in descending order. A + or - can be prefixed
to the key name to specify ascending or descending order, respectively. The supported keys
and alises are listed with the -o option above.
q Quit.
r Toggle traversal and reporting of the memory object map for each process.
S<signal><pid>
Send <sig> to <pid>. <sig> can be specified either as a number or as a name (for example,
HUP). The default signal starts out as TERM. Each time a signal is successfully sent, the
default signal is updated to be that signal. <pid> is a process id.
s<delay>
Set the delay between updates to <delay> seconds.
U<user>
Only display processes owned by <user>. Either the username or uid number can be specified.
To display all processes, press enter without entering a username or uid number.
PERFORMANCE vs. ACCURACY
Calculating detailed memory statistics is fundamentally resource-intensive. To reduce the cpu usage
in top, the -i parameter has been introduced to allow the user to tune this tradeoff. With the de-fault default
fault value of 10, framework stats will be updated once every 10 samples. Specifying -i 1 will re-sult result
sult in the most accurate display, at the expense of system resources.
N/A - Not Available
When this occurs in a stat it's caused by the memory object map reporting being disabled. Memory ob-ject object
ject map reporting is disabled by default in delta mode, but may be optionally enabled via -r or the
interactive r command. To enable the -r option use it after any -c mode options.
EXAMPLES
top -o cpu -O +rsize -s 5 -n 20
Sort the processes according to CPU usage (descending) and resident memory size (ascending),
sample and update the display at 5 second intervals, and limit the display to 20 processes.
top -c d
Run top in delta mode.
top -stats pid,command,cpu,th,pstate,time
Display only the specified statistics, regardless of any growth of the terminal. If the ter-minal terminal
minal is too small, only the statistics that fit will be displayed.
SEE ALSO
kill(2), vm_stat(1), signal(3), vmmap(1)
top top(1)
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