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SOCKET(2)                   BSD System Calls Manual                  SOCKET(2)

NAME
     socket -- create an endpoint for communication

SYNOPSIS
     #include <sys/socket.h>

     int
     socket(int domain, int type, int protocol);

DESCRIPTION
     Socket() creates an endpoint for communication and returns a descriptor.

     The domain parameter specifies a communications domain within which communication will take place; this
     selects the protocol family which should be used.  These families are defined in the include file
     <sys/socket.h>.  The currently understood formats are

           PF_LOCAL        Host-internal protocols, formerly called PF_UNIX,
           PF_UNIX         Host-internal protocols, deprecated, use PF_LOCAL,
           PF_INET         Internet version 4 protocols,
           PF_ROUTE        Internal Routing protocol,
           PF_KEY          Internal key-management function,
           PF_INET6        Internet version 6 protocols,
           PF_SYSTEM       System domain,
           PF_NDRV         Raw access to network device

     The socket has the indicated type, which specifies the semantics of communication.  Currently defined
     types are:

           SOCK_STREAM
           SOCK_DGRAM
           SOCK_RAW
           SOCK_SEQPACKET
           SOCK_RDM

     A SOCK_STREAM type provides sequenced, reliable, two-way connection based byte streams.  An out-of-band
     data transmission mechanism may be supported.  A SOCK_DGRAM socket supports datagrams (connectionless,
     unreliable messages of a fixed (typically small) maximum length).  A SOCK_SEQPACKET socket may provide
     a sequenced, reliable, two-way connection-based data transmission path for datagrams of fixed maximum
     length; a consumer may be required to read an entire packet with each read system call.  This facility
     is protocol specific, and presently implemented only for PF_NS.  SOCK_RAW sockets provide access to
     internal network protocols and interfaces.  The types SOCK_RAW, which is available only to the super-user, superuser,
     user, and SOCK_RDM, which is planned, but not yet implemented, are not described here.

     The protocol specifies a particular protocol to be used with the socket.  Normally only a single proto-col protocol
     col exists to support a particular socket type within a given protocol family.  However, it is possible
     that many protocols may exist, in which case a particular protocol must be specified in this manner.
     The protocol number to use is particular to the communication domain in which communication is to take
     place; see protocols(5).

     Sockets of type SOCK_STREAM are full-duplex byte streams, similar to pipes.  A stream socket must be in
     a connected state before any data may be sent or received on it.  A connection to another socket is
     created with a connect(2) call.  Once connected, data may be transferred using read(2) and write(2)
     calls or some variant of the send(2) and recv(2) calls.  When a session has been completed a close(2)
     may be performed.  Out-of-band data may also be transmitted as described in send(2) and received as
     described in recv(2).

     The communications protocols used to implement a SOCK_STREAM insure that data is not lost or dupli-cated. duplicated.
     cated.  If a piece of data for which the peer protocol has buffer space cannot be successfully trans-mitted transmitted
     mitted within a reasonable length of time, then the connection is considered broken and calls will
     indicate an error with -1 returns and with ETIMEDOUT as the specific code in the global variable errno.
     The protocols optionally keep sockets ``warm'' by forcing transmissions roughly every minute in the
     absence of other activity.  An error is then indicated if no response can be elicited on an otherwise
     idle connection for a extended period (e.g. 5 minutes).  A SIGPIPE signal is raised if a process sends
     on a broken stream; this causes naive processes, which do not handle the signal, to exit.

     SOCK_SEQPACKET sockets employ the same system calls as SOCK_STREAM sockets.  The only difference is
     that read(2) calls will return only the amount of data requested, and any remaining in the arriving
     packet will be discarded.

     SOCK_DGRAM and SOCK_RAW sockets allow sending of datagrams to correspondents named in send(2) calls.
     Datagrams are generally received with recvfrom(2), which returns the next datagram with its return
     address.

     An fcntl(2) call can be used to specify a process group to receive a SIGURG signal when the out-of-band
     data arrives.  It may also enable non-blocking I/O and asynchronous notification of I/O events via
     SIGIO.

     The operation of sockets is controlled by socket level options.  These options are defined in the file
     <sys/socket.h>.  Setsockopt(2) and getsockopt(2) are used to set and get options, respectively.

RETURN VALUES
     A -1 is returned if an error occurs, otherwise the return value is a descriptor referencing the socket.

ERRORS
     The socket() system call fails if:

     [EACCES]           Permission to create a socket of the specified type and/or protocol is denied.

     [EAFNOSUPPORT]     The specified address family is not supported.

     [EMFILE]           The per-process descriptor table is full.

     [ENFILE]           The system file table is full.

     [ENOBUFS]          Insufficient buffer space is available.  The socket cannot be created until suffi-cient sufficient
                        cient resources are freed.

     [ENOMEM]           Insufficient memory was available to fulfill the request.

     [EPROTONOSUPPORT]  The protocol type or the specified protocol is not supported within this domain.

     [EPROTOTYPE]       The socket type is not supported by the protocol.

     If a new protocol family is defined, the socreate process is free to return any desired error code.
     The socket() system call will pass this error code along (even if it is undefined).

LEGACY SYNOPSIS
     #include <sys/types.h>
     #include <sys/socket.h>

     The include file <sys/types.h> is necessary.

SEE ALSO
     accept(2), bind(2), connect(2), getsockname(2), getsockopt(2), ioctl(2), listen(2), read(2), recv(2),
     select(2), send(2), shutdown(2), socketpair(2), write(2), getprotoent(3), inet(4), inet6(4), unix(4),
     compat(5)

     An Introductory 4.3 BSD Interprocess Communication Tutorial, reprinted in UNIX Programmer's
     Supplementary Documents Volume 1.

     BSD Interprocess Communication Tutorial, reprinted in UNIX Programmer's Supplementary Documents Volume
     1.

HISTORY
     The socket() function call appeared in 4.2BSD.

BSD                              June 4, 1993                              BSD