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MIME::Entity(3) User Contributed Perl Documentation MIME::Entity(3)
NAME
MIME::Entity - class for parsed-and-decoded MIME message
SYNOPSIS
Before reading further, you should see MIME::Tools to make sure that you understand where this module
fits into the grand scheme of things. Go on, do it now. I'll wait.
Ready? Ok...
### Create an entity:
$top = MIME::Entity->build(From => 'me@myhost.com',
To => 'you@yourhost.com',
Subject => "Hello, nurse!",
Data => \@my_message);
### Attach stuff to it:
$top->attach(Path => $gif_path,
Type => "image/gif",
Encoding => "base64");
### Sign it:
$top->sign;
### Output it:
$top->print(\*STDOUT);
DESCRIPTION
A subclass of Mail::Internet.
This package provides a class for representing MIME message entities, as specified in RFCs 2045,
2046, 2047, 2048 and 2049.
EXAMPLES
Construction examples
Create a document for an ordinary 7-bit ASCII text file (lots of stuff is defaulted for us):
$ent = MIME::Entity->build(Path=>"english-msg.txt");
Create a document for a text file with 8-bit (Latin-1) characters:
$ent = MIME::Entity->build(Path =>"french-msg.txt",
Encoding =>"quoted-printable",
From =>'jean.luc@inria.fr',
Subject =>"C'est bon!");
Create a document for a GIF file (the description is completely optional; note that we have to
specify content-type and encoding since they're not the default values):
$ent = MIME::Entity->build(Description => "A pretty picture",
Path => "./docs/mime-sm.gif",
Type => "image/gif",
Encoding => "base64");
Create a document that you already have the text for, using "Data":
$ent = MIME::Entity->build(Type => "text/plain",
Encoding => "quoted-printable",
Data => ["First line.\n",
"Second line.\n",
"Last line.\n"]);
Create a multipart message, with the entire structure given explicitly:
### Create the top-level, and set up the mail headers:
$top = MIME::Entity->build(Type => "multipart/mixed",
From => 'me@myhost.com',
To => 'you@yourhost.com',
Subject => "Hello, nurse!");
### Attachment #1: a simple text document:
$top->attach(Path=>"./testin/short.txt");
### Attachment #2: a GIF file:
$top->attach(Path => "./docs/mime-sm.gif",
Type => "image/gif",
Encoding => "base64");
### Attachment #3: text we'll create with text we have on-hand:
$top->attach(Data => $contents);
Suppose you don't know ahead of time that you'll have attachments? No problem: you can "attach" to
singleparts as well:
$top = MIME::Entity->build(From => 'me@myhost.com',
To => 'you@yourhost.com',
Subject => "Hello, nurse!",
Data => \@my_message);
if ($GIF_path) {
$top->attach(Path => $GIF_path,
Type => 'image/gif');
}
Copy an entity (headers, parts... everything but external body data):
my $deepcopy = $top->dup;
Access examples
### Get the head, a MIME::Head:
$head = $ent->head;
### Get the body, as a MIME::Body;
$bodyh = $ent->bodyhandle;
### Get the intended MIME type (as declared in the header):
$type = $ent->mime_type;
### Get the effective MIME type (in case decoding failed):
$eff_type = $ent->effective_type;
### Get preamble, parts, and epilogue:
$preamble = $ent->preamble; ### ref to array of lines
$num_parts = $ent->parts;
$first_part = $ent->parts(0); ### an entity
$epilogue = $ent->epilogue; ### ref to array of lines
Manipulation examples
Muck about with the body data:
### Read the (unencoded) body data:
if ($io = $ent->open("r")) {
while (defined($_ = $io->getline)) { print $_ }
$io->close;
}
### Write the (unencoded) body data:
if ($io = $ent->open("w")) {
foreach (@lines) { $io->print($_) }
$io->close;
}
### Delete the files for any external (on-disk) data:
$ent->purge;
Muck about with the signature:
### Sign it (automatically removes any existing signature):
$top->sign(File=>"$ENV{HOME}/.signature");
### Remove any signature within 15 lines of the end:
$top->remove_sig(15);
Muck about with the headers:
### Compute content-lengths for singleparts based on bodies:
### (Do this right before you print!)
$entity->sync_headers(Length=>'COMPUTE');
Muck about with the structure:
### If a 0- or 1-part multipart, collapse to a singlepart:
$top->make_singlepart;
### If a singlepart, inflate to a multipart with 1 part:
$top->make_multipart;
Delete parts:
### Delete some parts of a multipart message:
my @keep = grep { keep_part($_) } $msg->parts;
$msg->parts(\@keep);
Output examples
Print to filehandles:
### Print the entire message:
$top->print(\*STDOUT);
### Print just the header:
$top->print_header(\*STDOUT);
### Print just the (encoded) body... includes parts as well!
$top->print_body(\*STDOUT);
Stringify... note that "stringify_xx" can also be written "xx_as_string"; the methods are synonymous,
and neither form will be deprecated:
### Stringify the entire message:
print $top->stringify; ### or $top->as_string
### Stringify just the header:
print $top->stringify_header; ### or $top->header_as_string
### Stringify just the (encoded) body... includes parts as well!
print $top->stringify_body; ### or $top->body_as_string
Debug:
### Output debugging info:
$entity->dump_skeleton(\*STDERR);
PUBLIC INTERFACE
Construction
new [SOURCE]
Class method. Create a new, empty MIME entity. Basically, this uses the Mail::Internet
constructor...
If SOURCE is an ARRAYREF, it is assumed to be an array of lines that will be used to create both
the header and an in-core body.
Else, if SOURCE is defined, it is assumed to be a filehandle from which the header and in-core
body is to be read.
Note: in either case, the body will not be parsed: merely read!
add_part ENTITY, [OFFSET]
Instance method. Assuming we are a multipart message, add a body part (a MIME::Entity) to the
array of body parts. Returns the part that was just added.
If OFFSET is positive, the new part is added at that offset from the beginning of the array of
parts. If it is negative, it counts from the end of the array. (An INDEX of -1 will place the
new part at the very end of the array, -2 will place it as the penultimate item in the array,
etc.) If OFFSET is not given, the new part is added to the end of the array. Thanks to Jason L
Tibbitts III for providing support for OFFSET.
Warning: in general, you only want to attach parts to entities with a content-type of
"multipart/*").
attach PARAMHASH
Instance method. The real quick-and-easy way to create multipart messages. The PARAMHASH is
used to "build" a new entity; this method is basically equivalent to:
$entity->add_part(ref($entity)->build(PARAMHASH, Top=>0));
Note: normally, you attach to multipart entities; however, if you attach something to a
singlepart (like attaching a GIF to a text message), the singlepart will be coerced into a
multipart automatically.
build PARAMHASH
Class/instance method. A quick-and-easy catch-all way to create an entity. Use it like this to
build a "normal" single-part entity:
$ent = MIME::Entity->build(Type => "image/gif",
Encoding => "base64",
Path => "/path/to/xyz12345.gif",
Filename => "saveme.gif",
Disposition => "attachment");
And like this to build a "multipart" entity:
$ent = MIME::Entity->build(Type => "multipart/mixed",
Boundary => "---1234567");
A minimal MIME header will be created. If you want to add or modify any header fields
afterwards, you can of course do so via the underlying head object... but hey, there's now a
prettier syntax!
$ent = MIME::Entity->build(Type =>"multipart/mixed",
From => $myaddr,
Subject => "Hi!",
'X-Certified' => ['SINED',
'SEELED',
'DELIVERED']);
Normally, an "X-Mailer" header field is output which contains this toolkit's name and version
(plus this module's RCS version). This will allow any bad MIME we generate to be traced back to
us. You can of course overwrite that header with your own:
$ent = MIME::Entity->build(Type => "multipart/mixed",
'X-Mailer' => "myprog 1.1");
Or remove it entirely:
$ent = MIME::Entity->build(Type => "multipart/mixed",
'X-Mailer' => undef);
OK, enough hype. The parameters are:
(FIELDNAME)
Any field you want placed in the message header, taken from the standard list of header
fields (you don't need to worry about case):
Bcc Encrypted Received Sender
Cc From References Subject
Comments Keywords Reply-To To
Content-* Message-ID Resent-* X-*
Date MIME-Version Return-Path
Organization
To give experienced users some veto power, these fields will be set after the ones I set...
so be careful: don't set any MIME fields (like "Content-type") unless you know what you're
doing!
To specify a fieldname that's not in the above list, even one that's identical to an option
below, just give it with a trailing ":", like "My-field:". When in doubt, that always
signals a mail field (and it sort of looks like one too).
Boundary
Multipart entities only. Optional. The boundary string. As per RFC-2046, it must consist
only of the characters "[0-9a-zA-Z'()+_,-./:=?]" and space (you'll be warned, and your
boundary will be ignored, if this is not the case). If you omit this, a random string will
be chosen... which is probably safer.
Charset
Optional. The character set.
Data
Single-part entities only. Optional. An alternative to Path (q.v.): the actual data, either
as a scalar or an array reference (whose elements are joined together to make the actual
scalar). The body is opened on the data using MIME::Body::InCore.
Description
Optional. The text of the content-description. If you don't specify it, the field is not
put in the header.
Disposition
Optional. The basic content-disposition ("attachment" or "inline"). If you don't specify
it, it defaults to "inline" for backwards compatibility. Thanks to Kurt Freytag for
suggesting this feature.
Encoding
Optional. The content-transfer-encoding. If you don't specify it, a reasonable default is
put in. You can also give the special value '-SUGGEST', to have it chosen for you in a
heavy-duty fashion which scans the data itself.
Filename
Single-part entities only. Optional. The recommended filename. Overrides any name extracted
from "Path". The information is stored both the deprecated (content-type) and preferred
(content-disposition) locations. If you explicitly want to avoid a recommended filename
(even when Path is used), supply this as empty or undef.
Id Optional. Set the content-id.
Path
Single-part entities only. Optional. The path to the file to attach. The body is opened on
that file using MIME::Body::File.
Top Optional. Is this a top-level entity? If so, it must sport a MIME-Version. The default is
true. (NB: look at how "attach()" uses it.)
Type
Optional. The basic content-type ("text/plain", etc.). If you don't specify it, it defaults
to "text/plain" as per RFC 2045. Do yourself a favor: put it in.
dup Instance method. Duplicate the entity. Does a deep, recursive copy, but beware: external data
in bodyhandles is not copied to new files! Changing the data in one entity's data file, or
purging that entity, will affect its duplicate. Entities with in-core data probably need not
worry.
Access
body [VALUE]
Instance method. Get the encoded (transport-ready) body, as an array of lines. Returns an array
reference. Each array entry is a newline-terminated line.
This is a read-only data structure: changing its contents will have no effect. Its contents are
identical to what is printed by print_body().
Provided for compatibility with Mail::Internet, so that methods like "smtpsend()" will work.
Note however that if VALUE is given, a fatal exception is thrown, since you cannot use this
method to set the lines of the encoded message.
If you want the raw (unencoded) body data, use the bodyhandle() method to get and use a
MIME::Body. The content-type of the entity will tell you whether that body is best read as text
(via getline()) or raw data (via read()).
bodyhandle [VALUE]
Instance method. Get or set an abstract object representing the body of the message. The body
holds the decoded message data.
Note that not all entities have bodies! An entity will have either a body or parts: not both.
This method will only return an object if this entity can have a body; otherwise, it will return
undefined. Whether-or-not a given entity can have a body is determined by (1) its content type,
and (2) whether-or-not the parser was told to extract nested messages:
Type: | Extract nested? | bodyhandle() | parts()
-----------------------------------------------------------------------multipart/* ----------------------------------------------------------------------multipart/*
multipart/* | - | undef | 0 or more MIME::Entity
message/* | true | undef | 0 or 1 MIME::Entity
message/* | false | MIME::Body | empty list
(other) | - | MIME::Body | empty list
If "VALUE" is not given, the current bodyhandle is returned, or undef if the entity cannot have a
body.
If "VALUE" is given, the bodyhandle is set to the new value, and the previous value is returned.
See "parts" for more info.
effective_type [MIMETYPE]
Instance method. Set/get the effective MIME type of this entity. This is usually identical to
the actual (or defaulted) MIME type, but in some cases it differs. For example, from RFC-2045:
Any entity with an unrecognized Content-Transfer-Encoding must be
treated as if it has a Content-Type of "application/octet-stream",
regardless of what the Content-Type header field actually says.
Why? because if we can't decode the message, then we have to take the bytes as-is, in their
(unrecognized) encoded form. So the message ceases to be a "text/foobar" and becomes a bunch of
undecipherable bytes -- in other words, an "application/octet-stream".
Such an entity, if parsed, would have its effective_type() set to "application/octet_stream",
although the mime_type() and the contents of the header would remain the same.
If there is no effective type, the method just returns what mime_type() would.
Warning: the effective type is "sticky"; once set, that effective_type() will always be returned
even if the conditions that necessitated setting the effective type become no longer true.
epilogue [LINES]
Instance method. Get/set the text of the epilogue, as an array of newline-terminated LINES.
Returns a reference to the array of lines, or undef if no epilogue exists.
If there is a epilogue, it is output when printing this entity; otherwise, a default epilogue is
used. Setting the epilogue to undef (not []!) causes it to fallback to the default.
head [VALUE]
Instance method. Get/set the head.
If there is no VALUE given, returns the current head. If none exists, an empty instance of
MIME::Head is created, set, and returned.
Note: This is a patch over a problem in Mail::Internet, which doesn't provide a method for
setting the head to some given object.
is_multipart
Instance method. Does this entity's effective MIME type indicate that it's a multipart entity?
Returns undef (false) if the answer couldn't be determined, 0 (false) if it was determined to be
false, and true otherwise. Note that this says nothing about whether or not parts were
extracted.
NOTE: we switched to effective_type so that multiparts with bad or missing boundaries could be
coerced to an effective type of "application/x-unparseable-multipart".
mime_type
Instance method. A purely-for-convenience method. This simply relays the request to the
associated MIME::Head object. If there is no head, returns undef in a scalar context and the
empty array in a list context.
Before you use this, consider using effective_type() instead, especially if you obtained the
entity from a MIME::Parser.
open READWRITE
Instance method. A purely-for-convenience method. This simply relays the request to the
associated MIME::Body object (see MIME::Body::open()). READWRITE is either 'r' (open for read)
or 'w' (open for write).
If there is no body, returns false.
parts
parts INDEX
parts ARRAYREF
Instance method. Return the MIME::Entity objects which are the sub parts of this entity (if
any).
If no argument is given, returns the array of all sub parts, returning the empty array if there
are none (e.g., if this is a single part message, or a degenerate multipart). In a scalar
context, this returns you the number of parts.
If an integer INDEX is given, return the INDEXed part, or undef if it doesn't exist.
If an ARRAYREF to an array of parts is given, then this method sets the parts to a copy of that
array, and returns the parts. This can be used to delete parts, as follows:
### Delete some parts of a multipart message:
$msg->parts([ grep { keep_part($_) } $msg->parts ]);
Note: for multipart messages, the preamble and epilogue are not considered parts. If you need
them, use the "preamble()" and "epilogue()" methods.
Note: there are ways of parsing with a MIME::Parser which cause certain message parts (such as
those of type "message/rfc822") to be "reparsed" into pseudo-multipart entities. You should read
the documentation for those options carefully: it is possible for a diddled entity to not be
multipart, but still have parts attached to it!
See "bodyhandle" for a discussion of parts vs. bodies.
parts_DFS
Instance method. Return the list of all MIME::Entity objects included in the entity, starting
with the entity itself, in depth-first-search order. If the entity has no parts, it alone will
be returned.
Thanks to Xavier Armengou for suggesting this method.
preamble [LINES]
Instance method. Get/set the text of the preamble, as an array of newline-terminated LINES.
Returns a reference to the array of lines, or undef if no preamble exists (e.g., if this is a
single-part entity).
If there is a preamble, it is output when printing this entity; otherwise, a default preamble is
used. Setting the preamble to undef (not []!) causes it to fallback to the default.
Manipulation
make_multipart [SUBTYPE], OPTSHASH...
Instance method. Force the entity to be a multipart, if it isn't already. We do this by
replacing the original [singlepart] entity with a new multipart that has the same non-MIME
headers ("From", "Subject", etc.), but all-new MIME headers ("Content-type", etc.). We then
create a copy of the original singlepart, strip out the non-MIME headers from that, and make it a
part of the new multipart. So this:
From: me
To: you
Content-type: text/plain
Content-length: 12
Hello there!
Becomes something like this:
From: me
To: you
Content-type: multipart/mixed; boundary="----abc----"
------abc----Content-type: ------abc---Content-type:
Content-type: text/plain
Content-length: 12
Hello there!
------abc------The ------abc-----The
The actual type of the new top-level multipart will be "multipart/SUBTYPE" (default SUBTYPE is
"mixed").
Returns 'DONE' if we really did inflate a singlepart to a multipart. Returns 'ALREADY' (and
does nothing) if entity is already multipart and Force was not chosen.
If OPTSHASH contains Force=>1, then we always bump the top-level's content and content-headers
down to a subpart of this entity, even if this entity is already a multipart. This is apparently
of use to people who are tweaking messages after parsing them.
make_singlepart
Instance method. If the entity is a multipart message with one part, this tries hard to rewrite
it as a singlepart, by replacing the content (and content headers) of the top level with those of
the part. Also crunches 0-part multiparts into singleparts.
Returns 'DONE' if we really did collapse a multipart to a singlepart. Returns 'ALREADY' (and
does nothing) if entity is already a singlepart. Returns '0' (and does nothing) if it
can't be made into a singlepart.
purge
Instance method. Recursively purge (e.g., unlink) all external (e.g., on-disk) body parts in
this message. See MIME::Body::purge() for details.
Note: this does not delete the directories that those body parts are contained in; only the
actual message data files are deleted. This is because some parsers may be customized to create
intermediate directories while others are not, and it's impossible for this class to know what
directories are safe to remove. Only your application program truly knows that.
If you really want to "clean everything up", one good way is to use "MIME::Parser::file_under()",
and then do this before parsing your next message:
$parser->filer->purge();
I wouldn't attempt to read those body files after you do this, for obvious reasons. As of MIME-tools MIMEtools
tools 4.x, each body's path is undefined after this operation. I warned you I might do this;
truly I did.
Thanks to Jason L. Tibbitts III for suggesting this method.
remove_sig [NLINES]
Instance method, override. Attempts to remove a user's signature from the body of a message.
It does this by looking for a line matching "/^-- $/" within the last "NLINES" of the message.
If found then that line and all lines after it will be removed. If "NLINES" is not given, a
default value of 10 will be used. This would be of most use in auto-reply scripts.
For MIME entity, this method is reasonably cautious: it will only attempt to un-sign a message
with a content-type of "text/*".
If you send remove_sig() to a multipart entity, it will relay it to the first part (the others
usually being the "attachments").
Warning: currently slurps the whole message-part into core as an array of lines, so you probably
don't want to use this on extremely long messages.
Returns truth on success, false on error.
sign PARAMHASH
Instance method, override. Append a signature to the message. The params are:
Attach
Instead of appending the text, add it to the message as an attachment. The disposition will
be "inline", and the description will indicate that it is a signature. The default behavior
is to append the signature to the text of the message (or the text of its first part if
multipart). MIME-specific; new in this subclass.
File
Use the contents of this file as the signature. Fatal error if it can't be read. As per
superclass method.
Force
Sign it even if the content-type isn't "text/*". Useful for non-standard types like
"x-foobar", but be careful! MIME-specific; new in this subclass.
Remove
Normally, we attempt to strip out any existing signature. If true, this gives us the NLINES
parameter of the remove_sig call. If zero but defined, tells us not to remove any existing
signature. If undefined, removal is done with the default of 10 lines. New in this
subclass.
Signature
Use this text as the signature. You can supply it as either a scalar, or as a ref to an
array of newline-terminated scalars. As per superclass method.
For MIME messages, this method is reasonably cautious: it will only attempt to sign a message
with a content-type of "text/*", unless "Force" is specified.
If you send this message to a multipart entity, it will relay it to the first part (the others
usually being the "attachments").
Warning: currently slurps the whole message-part into core as an array of lines, so you probably
don't want to use this on extremely long messages.
Returns true on success, false otherwise.
suggest_encoding
Instance method. Based on the effective content type, return a good suggested encoding.
"text" and "message" types have their bodies scanned line-by-line for 8-bit characters and long
lines; lack of either means that the message is 7bit-ok. Other types are chosen independent of
their body:
Major type: 7bit ok? Suggested encoding:
-----------------------------------------------------------text ----------------------------------------------------------text
text yes 7bit
text no quoted-printable
message yes 7bit
message no binary
multipart * binary (in case some parts are bad)
image, etc... * base64
sync_headers OPTIONS
Instance method. This method does a variety of activities which ensure that the MIME headers of
an entity "tree" are in-synch with the body parts they describe. It can be as expensive an
operation as printing if it involves pre-encoding the body parts; however, the aim is to produce
fairly clean MIME. You will usually only need to invoke this if processing and re-sending MIME
from an outside source.
The OPTIONS is a hash, which describes what is to be done.
Length
One of the "official unofficial" MIME fields is "Content-Length". Normally, one doesn't care
a whit about this field; however, if you are preparing output destined for HTTP, you may.
The value of this option dictates what will be done:
COMPUTE means to set a "Content-Length" field for every non-multipart part in the entity, and
to blank that field out for every multipart part in the entity.
ERASE means that "Content-Length" fields will all be blanked out. This is fast, painless,
and safe.
Any false value (the default) means to take no action.
Nonstandard
Any header field beginning with "Content-" is, according to the RFC, a MIME field. However,
some are non-standard, and may cause problems with certain MIME readers which interpret them
in different ways.
ERASE means that all such fields will be blanked out. This is done before the Length option
(q.v.) is examined and acted upon.
Any false value (the default) means to take no action.
Returns a true value if everything went okay, a false value otherwise.
tidy_body
Instance method, override. Currently unimplemented for MIME messages. Does nothing, returns
false.
Output
dump_skeleton [FILEHANDLE]
Instance method. Dump the skeleton of the entity to the given FILEHANDLE, or to the currently-selected currentlyselected
selected one if none given.
Each entity is output with an appropriate indentation level, the following selection of
attributes:
Content-type: multipart/mixed
Effective-type: multipart/mixed
Body-file: NONE
Subject: Hey there!
Num-parts: 2
This is really just useful for debugging purposes; I make no guarantees about the consistency of
the output format over time.
print [OUTSTREAM]
Instance method, override. Print the entity to the given OUTSTREAM, or to the currently-selected
filehandle if none given. OUTSTREAM can be a filehandle, or any object that reponds to a print()
message.
The entity is output as a valid MIME stream! This means that the header is always output first,
and the body data (if any) will be encoded if the header says that it should be. For example,
your output may look like this:
Subject: Greetings
Content-transfer-encoding: base64
SGkgdGhlcmUhCkJ5ZSB0aGVyZSEK
If this entity has MIME type "multipart/*", the preamble, parts, and epilogue are all output with
appropriate boundaries separating each. Any bodyhandle is ignored:
Content-type: multipart/mixed; boundary="*----*"
Content-transfer-encoding: 7bit
[Preamble]
--*----*
[Entity: Part 0]
--*----*
[Entity: Part 1]
--*----*--[Epilogue] --*----*-[Epilogue]
[Epilogue]
If this entity has a single-part MIME type with no attached parts, then we're looking at a normal
singlepart entity: the body is output according to the encoding specified by the header. If no
body exists, a warning is output and the body is treated as empty:
Content-type: image/gif
Content-transfer-encoding: base64
[Encoded body]
If this entity has a single-part MIME type but it also has parts, then we're probably looking at
a "re-parsed" singlepart, usually one of type "message/*" (you can get entities like this if you
set the "parse_nested_messages(NEST)" option on the parser to true). In this case, the parts are
output with single blank lines separating each, and any bodyhandle is ignored:
Content-type: message/rfc822
Content-transfer-encoding: 7bit
[Entity: Part 0]
[Entity: Part 1]
In all cases, when outputting a "part" of the entity, this method is invoked recursively.
Note: the output is very likely not going to be identical to any input you parsed to get this
entity. If you're building some sort of email handler, it's up to you to save this information.
print_body [OUTSTREAM]
Instance method, override. Print the body of the entity to the given OUTSTREAM, or to the
currently-selected filehandle if none given. OUTSTREAM can be a filehandle, or any object that
reponds to a print() message.
The body is output for inclusion in a valid MIME stream; this means that the body data will be
encoded if the header says that it should be.
Note: by "body", we mean "the stuff following the header". A printed multipart body includes the
printed representations of its subparts.
Note: The body is stored in an un-encoded form; however, the idea is that the transfer encoding
is used to determine how it should be output. This means that the "print()" method is always
guaranteed to get you a sendmail-ready stream whose body is consistent with its head. If you
want the raw body data to be output, you can either read it from the bodyhandle yourself, or use:
$ent->bodyhandle->print($outstream);
which uses read() calls to extract the information, and thus will work with both text and binary
bodies.
Warning: Please supply an OUTSTREAM. This override method differs from Mail::Internet's
behavior, which outputs to the STDOUT if no filehandle is given: this may lead to confusion.
print_header [OUTSTREAM]
Instance method, inherited. Output the header to the given OUTSTREAM. You really should supply
the OUTSTREAM.
stringify
Instance method. Return the entity as a string, exactly as "print" would print it. The body
will be encoded as necessary, and will contain any subparts. You can also use "as_string()".
stringify_body
Instance method. Return the encoded message body as a string, exactly as "print_body" would
print it. You can also use "body_as_string()".
If you want the unencoded body, and you are dealing with a singlepart message (like a
"text/plain"), use "bodyhandle()" instead:
if ($ent->bodyhandle) {
$unencoded_data = $ent->bodyhandle->as_string;
}
else {
### this message has no body data (but it might have parts!)
}
stringify_header
Instance method. Return the header as a string, exactly as "print_header" would print it. You
can also use "header_as_string()".
NOTES
Under the hood
A MIME::Entity is composed of the following elements:
• A head, which is a reference to a MIME::Head object containing the header information.
• A bodyhandle, which is a reference to a MIME::Body object containing the decoded body data. This
is only defined if the message is a "singlepart" type:
application/*
audio/*
image/*
text/*
video/*
• An array of parts, where each part is a MIME::Entity object. The number of parts will only be
nonzero if the content-type is not one of the "singlepart" types:
message/* (should have exactly one part)
multipart/* (should have one or more parts)
The "two-body problem"
MIME::Entity and Mail::Internet see message bodies differently, and this can cause confusion and some
inconvenience. Sadly, I can't change the behavior of MIME::Entity without breaking lots of code
already out there. But let's open up the floor for a few questions...
What is the difference between a "message" and an "entity"?
A message is the actual data being sent or received; usually this means a stream of newline-terminated newlineterminated
terminated lines. An entity is the representation of a message as an object.
This means that you get a "message" when you print an "entity" to a filehandle, and you get an
"entity" when you parse a message from a filehandle.
What is a message body?
Mail::Internet: The portion of the printed message after the header.
MIME::Entity: The portion of the printed message after the header.
How is a message body stored in an entity?
Mail::Internet: As an array of lines.
MIME::Entity: It depends on the content-type of the message. For "container" types
("multipart/*", "message/*"), we store the contained entities as an array of "parts", accessed
via the "parts()" method, where each part is a complete MIME::Entity. For "singlepart" types
("text/*", "image/*", etc.), the unencoded body data is referenced via a MIME::Body object,
accessed via the "bodyhandle()" method:
bodyhandle() parts()
Content-type: returns: returns:
------------------------------------------------------------application/* -----------------------------------------------------------application/*
application/* MIME::Body empty
audio/* MIME::Body empty
image/* MIME::Body empty
message/* undef MIME::Entity list (usually 1)
multipart/* undef MIME::Entity list (usually >0)
text/* MIME::Body empty
video/* MIME::Body empty
x-*/* MIME::Body empty
As a special case, "message/*" is currently ambiguous: depending on the parser, a "message/*"
might be treated as a singlepart, with a MIME::Body and no parts. Use bodyhandle() as the final
arbiter.
What does the body() method return?
Mail::Internet: As an array of lines, ready for sending.
MIME::Entity: As an array of lines, ready for sending.
What's the best way to get at the body data?
Mail::Internet: Use the body() method.
MIME::Entity: Depends on what you want... the encoded data (as it is transported), or the
unencoded data? Keep reading...
How do I get the "encoded" body data?
Mail::Internet: Use the body() method.
MIME::Entity: Use the body() method. You can also use:
$entity->print_body()
$entity->stringify_body() ### a.k.a. $entity->body_as_string()
How do I get the "unencoded" body data?
Mail::Internet: Use the body() method.
MIME::Entity: Use the bodyhandle() method! If bodyhandle() method returns true, then that value
is a MIME::Body which can be used to access the data via its open() method. If bodyhandle()
method returns an undefined value, then the entity is probably a "container" that has no real
body data of its own (e.g., a "multipart" message): in this case, you should access the
components via the parts() method. Like this:
if ($bh = $entity->bodyhandle) {
$io = $bh->open;
...access unencoded data via $io->getline or $io->read...
$io->close;
}
else {
foreach my $part (@parts) {
...do something with the part...
}
}
You can also use:
if ($bh = $entity->bodyhandle) {
$unencoded_data = $bh->as_string;
}
else {
...do stuff with the parts...
}
What does the body() method return?
Mail::Internet: The transport-encoded message body, as an array of lines.
MIME::Entity: The transport-encoded message body, as an array of lines.
What does print_body() print?
Mail::Internet: Exactly what body() would return to you.
MIME::Entity: Exactly what body() would return to you.
Say I have an entity which might be either singlepart or multipart. How do I print out just "the
stuff after the header"?
Mail::Internet: Use print_body().
MIME::Entity: Use print_body().
Why is MIME::Entity so different from Mail::Internet?
Because MIME streams are expected to have non-textual data... possibly, quite a lot of it, such
as a tar file.
Because MIME messages can consist of multiple parts, which are most-easily manipulated as
MIME::Entity objects themselves.
Because in the simpler world of Mail::Internet, the data of a message and its printed
representation are identical... and in the MIME world, they're not.
Because parsing multipart bodies on-the-fly, or formatting multipart bodies for output, is a non-trivial nontrivial
trivial task.
This is confusing. Can the two classes be made more compatible?
Not easily; their implementations are necessarily quite different. Mail::Internet is a simple,
efficient way of dealing with a "black box" mail message... one whose internal data you don't
care much about. MIME::Entity, in contrast, cares very much about the message contents: that's
its job!
Design issues
Some things just can't be ignored
In multipart messages, the "preamble" is the portion that precedes the first encapsulation
boundary, and the "epilogue" is the portion that follows the last encapsulation boundary.
According to RFC 2046:
There appears to be room for additional information prior
to the first encapsulation boundary and following the final
boundary. These areas should generally be left blank, and
implementations must ignore anything that appears before the
first boundary or after the last one.
NOTE: These "preamble" and "epilogue" areas are generally
not used because of the lack of proper typing of these parts
and the lack of clear semantics for handling these areas at
gateways, particularly X.400 gateways. However, rather than
leaving the preamble area blank, many MIME implementations
have found this to be a convenient place to insert an
explanatory note for recipients who read the message with
pre-MIME software, since such notes will be ignored by
MIME-compliant software.
In the world of standards-and-practices, that's the standard. Now for the practice:
Some "MIME" mailers may incorrectly put a "part" in the preamble. Since we have to parse over
the stuff anyway, in the future I may allow the parser option of creating special MIME::Entity
objects for the preamble and epilogue, with bogus MIME::Head objects.
For now, though, we're MIME-compliant, so I probably won't change how we work.
SEE ALSO
MIME::Tools, MIME::Head, MIME::Body, MIME::Decoder, Mail::Internet
AUTHOR
Eryq (eryq@zeegee.com), ZeeGee Software Inc (http://www.zeegee.com). David F. Skoll
(dfs@roaringpenguin.com) http://www.roaringpenguin.com
All rights reserved. This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
the same terms as Perl itself.
perl v5.16.2 2012-06-08 MIME::Entity(3)
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