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Unicode::UCD(3pm)                     Perl Programmers Reference Guide                     Unicode::UCD(3pm)



NAME
       Unicode::UCD - Unicode character database

SYNOPSIS
           use Unicode::UCD 'charinfo';
           my $charinfo   = charinfo($codepoint);

           use Unicode::UCD 'casefold';
           my $casefold = casefold(0xFB00);

           use Unicode::UCD 'casespec';
           my $casespec = casespec(0xFB00);

           use Unicode::UCD 'charblock';
           my $charblock  = charblock($codepoint);

           use Unicode::UCD 'charscript';
           my $charscript = charscript($codepoint);

           use Unicode::UCD 'charblocks';
           my $charblocks = charblocks();

           use Unicode::UCD 'charscripts';
           my $charscripts = charscripts();

           use Unicode::UCD qw(charscript charinrange);
           my $range = charscript($script);
           print "looks like $script\n" if charinrange($range, $codepoint);

           use Unicode::UCD qw(general_categories bidi_types);
           my $categories = general_categories();
           my $types = bidi_types();

           use Unicode::UCD 'compexcl';
           my $compexcl = compexcl($codepoint);

           use Unicode::UCD 'namedseq';
           my $namedseq = namedseq($named_sequence_name);

           my $unicode_version = Unicode::UCD::UnicodeVersion();

DESCRIPTION
       The Unicode::UCD module offers a series of functions that provide a simple interface to the Unicode
       Character Database.

   code point argument
       Some of the functions are called with a code point argument, which is either a decimal or a
       hexadecimal scalar designating a Unicode code point, or "U+" followed by hexadecimals designating a
       Unicode code point.  In other words, if you want a code point to be interpreted as a hexadecimal
       number, you must prefix it with either "0x" or "U+", because a string like e.g. 123 will be
       interpreted as a decimal code point.  Also note that Unicode is not limited to 16 bits (the number of
       Unicode code points is open-ended, in theory unlimited): you may have more than 4 hexdigits.

   charinfo()
           use Unicode::UCD 'charinfo';

           my $charinfo = charinfo(0x41);

       This returns information about the input "code point argument" as a reference to a hash of fields as
       defined by the Unicode standard.  If the "code point argument" is not assigned in the standard (i.e.,
       has the general category "Cn" meaning "Unassigned") or is a non-character (meaning it is guaranteed
       to never be assigned in the standard), undef is returned.

       Fields that aren't applicable to the particular code point argument exist in the returned hash, and
       are empty.

       The keys in the hash with the meanings of their values are:

       code
           the input "code point argument" expressed in hexadecimal, with leading zeros added if necessary
           to make it contain at least four hexdigits

       name
           name of code, all IN UPPER CASE.  Some control-type code points do not have names.  This field
           will be empty for "Surrogate" and "Private Use" code points, and for the others without a name,
           it will contain a description enclosed in angle brackets, like "<control>".

       category
           The short name of the general category of code.  This will match one of the keys in the hash
           returned by "general_categories()".

       combining
           the combining class number for code used in the Canonical Ordering Algorithm.  For Unicode 5.1,
           this is described in Section 3.11 "Canonical Ordering Behavior" available at
           <http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode5.1.0/>

       bidi
           bidirectional type of code.  This will match one of the keys in the hash returned by
           "bidi_types()".

       decomposition
           is empty if code has no decomposition; or is one or more codes (separated by spaces) that taken
           in order represent a decomposition for code.  Each has at least four hexdigits.  The codes may be
           preceded by a word enclosed in angle brackets then a space, like "<compat> ", giving the type of
           decomposition

       decimal
           if code is a decimal digit this is its integer numeric value

       digit
           if code represents a whole number, this is its integer numeric value

       numeric
           if code represents a whole or rational number, this is its numeric value.  Rational values are
           expressed as a string like "1/4".

       mirrored
           "Y" or "N" designating if code is mirrored in bidirectional text

       unicode10
           name of code in the Unicode 1.0 standard if one existed for this code point and is different from
           the current name

       comment
           ISO 10646 comment field.  It appears in parentheses in the ISO 10646 names list, or contains an
           asterisk to indicate there is a note for this code point in Annex P of that standard.

       upper
           is empty if there is no single code point uppercase mapping for code; otherwise it is that
           mapping expressed as at least four hexdigits.  ("casespec()" should be used in addition to
           charinfo() for case mappings when the calling program can cope with multiple code point
           mappings.)

       lower
           is empty if there is no single code point lowercase mapping for code; otherwise it is that
           mapping expressed as at least four hexdigits.  ("casespec()" should be used in addition to
           charinfo() for case mappings when the calling program can cope with multiple code point
           mappings.)

       title
           is empty if there is no single code point titlecase mapping for code; otherwise it is that
           mapping expressed as at least four hexdigits.  ("casespec()" should be used in addition to
           charinfo() for case mappings when the calling program can cope with multiple code point
           mappings.)

       block
           block code belongs to (used in \p{In...}).  See "Blocks versus Scripts".

       script
           script code belongs to.  See "Blocks versus Scripts".

       Note that you cannot do (de)composition and casing based solely on the decomposition, combining,
       lower, upper, and title fields; you will need also the "compexcl()", and "casespec()" functions.

   charblock()
           use Unicode::UCD 'charblock';

           my $charblock = charblock(0x41);
           my $charblock = charblock(1234);
           my $charblock = charblock(0x263a);
           my $charblock = charblock("U+263a");

           my $range     = charblock('Armenian');

       With a "code point argument" charblock() returns the block the code point belongs to, e.g.  "Basic
       Latin".  If the code point is unassigned, this returns the block it would belong to if it were
       assigned (which it may in future versions of the Unicode Standard).

       See also "Blocks versus Scripts".

       If supplied with an argument that can't be a code point, charblock() tries to do the opposite and
       interpret the argument as a code point block. The return value is a range: an anonymous list of lists
       that contain start-of-range, end-of-range code point pairs. You can test whether a code point is in a
       range using the "charinrange()" function. If the argument is not a known code point block, undef is
       returned.

   charscript()
           use Unicode::UCD 'charscript';

           my $charscript = charscript(0x41);
           my $charscript = charscript(1234);
           my $charscript = charscript("U+263a");

           my $range      = charscript('Thai');

       With a "code point argument" charscript() returns the script the code point belongs to, e.g.
       "Latin", "Greek", "Han".  If the code point is unassigned, it returns undef

       If supplied with an argument that can't be a code point, charscript() tries to do the opposite and
       interpret the argument as a code point script. The return value is a range: an anonymous list of
       lists that contain start-of-range, end-of-range code point pairs. You can test whether a code point
       is in a range using the "charinrange()" function. If the argument is not a known code point script,
       undef is returned.

       See also "Blocks versus Scripts".

   charblocks()
           use Unicode::UCD 'charblocks';

           my $charblocks = charblocks();

       charblocks() returns a reference to a hash with the known block names as the keys, and the code point
       ranges (see "charblock()") as the values.

       See also "Blocks versus Scripts".

   charscripts()
           use Unicode::UCD 'charscripts';

           my $charscripts = charscripts();

       charscripts() returns a reference to a hash with the known script names as the keys, and the code
       point ranges (see "charscript()") as the values.

       See also "Blocks versus Scripts".

   charinrange()
       In addition to using the "\p{In...}" and "\P{In...}" constructs, you can also test whether a code
       point is in the range as returned by "charblock()" and "charscript()" or as the values of the hash
       returned by "charblocks()" and "charscripts()" by using charinrange():

           use Unicode::UCD qw(charscript charinrange);

           $range = charscript('Hiragana');
           print "looks like hiragana\n" if charinrange($range, $codepoint);

   general_categories()
           use Unicode::UCD 'general_categories';

           my $categories = general_categories();

       This returns a reference to a hash which has short general category names (such as "Lu", "Nd", "Zs",
       "S") as keys and long names (such as "UppercaseLetter", "DecimalNumber", "SpaceSeparator", "Symbol")
       as values.  The hash is reversible in case you need to go from the long names to the short names.
       The general category is the one returned from "charinfo()" under the "category" key.

   bidi_types()
           use Unicode::UCD 'bidi_types';

           my $categories = bidi_types();

       This returns a reference to a hash which has the short bidi (bidirectional) type names (such as "L",
       "R") as keys and long names (such as "Left-to-Right", "Right-to-Left") as values.  The hash is
       reversible in case you need to go from the long names to the short names.  The bidi type is the one
       returned from "charinfo()" under the "bidi" key.  For the exact meaning of the various bidi classes
       the Unicode TR9 is recommended reading: <http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr9/> (as of Unicode 5.0.0)

   compexcl()
           use Unicode::UCD 'compexcl';

           my $compexcl = compexcl(0x09dc);

       This returns true if the "code point argument" should not be produced by composition normalization,
       AND if that fact is not otherwise determinable from the Unicode data base.  It currently does not
       return true if the code point has a decomposition consisting of another single code point, nor if its
       decomposition starts with a code point whose combining class is non-zero.  Code points that meet
       either of these conditions should also not be produced by composition normalization.

       It returns false otherwise.

   casefold()
           use Unicode::UCD 'casefold';

           my $casefold = casefold(0xDF);
           if (defined $casefold) {
               my @full_fold_hex = split / /, $casefold->{'full'};
               my $full_fold_string =
                           join "", map {chr(hex($_))} @full_fold_hex;
               my @turkic_fold_hex =
                               split / /, ($casefold->{'turkic'} ne "")
                                               ? $casefold->{'turkic'}
                                               : $casefold->{'full'};
               my $turkic_fold_string =
                               join "", map {chr(hex($_))} @turkic_fold_hex;
           }
           if (defined $casefold && $casefold->{'simple'} ne "") {
               my $simple_fold_hex = $casefold->{'simple'};
               my $simple_fold_string = chr(hex($simple_fold_hex));
           }

       This returns the (almost) locale-independent case folding of the character specified by the "code
       point argument".

       If there is no case folding for that code point, undef is returned.

       If there is a case folding for that code point, a reference to a hash with the following fields is
       returned:

       code
           the input "code point argument" expressed in hexadecimal, with leading zeros added if necessary
           to make it contain at least four hexdigits

       full
           one or more codes (separated by spaces) that taken in order give the code points for the case
           folding for code.  Each has at least four hexdigits.

       simple
           is empty, or is exactly one code with at least four hexdigits which can be used as an alternative
           case folding when the calling program cannot cope with the fold being a sequence of multiple code
           points.  If full is just one code point, then simple equals full.  If there is no single code
           point folding defined for code, then simple is the empty string.  Otherwise, it is an inferior,
           but still better-than-nothing alternative folding to full.

       mapping
           is the same as simple if simple is not empty, and it is the same as full otherwise.  It can be
           considered to be the simplest possible folding for code.  It is defined primarily for backwards
           compatibility.

       status
           is "C" (for "common") if the best possible fold is a single code point (simple equals full equals
           mapping).  It is "S" if there are distinct folds, simple and full (mapping equals simple).  And
           it is "F" if there only a full fold (mapping equals full; simple is empty).  Note that this
           describes the contents of mapping.  It is defined primarily for backwards compatibility.

           On versions 3.1 and earlier of Unicode, status can also be "I" which is the same as "C" but is a
           special case for dotted uppercase I and dotless lowercase i:

           *   If you use this "I" mapping, the result is case-insensitive, but dotless and dotted I's are
               not distinguished

           *   If you exclude this "I" mapping, the result is not fully case-insensitive, but dotless and
               dotted I's are distinguished

       turkic
           contains any special folding for Turkic languages.  For versions of Unicode starting with 3.2,
           this field is empty unless code has a different folding in Turkic languages, in which case it is
           one or more codes (separated by spaces) that taken in order give the code points for the case
           folding for code in those languages.  Each code has at least four hexdigits.  Note that this
           folding does not maintain canonical equivalence without additional processing.

           For versions of Unicode 3.1 and earlier, this field is empty unless there is a special folding
           for Turkic languages, in which case status is "I", and mapping, full, simple, and turkic are all
           equal.

       Programs that want complete generality and the best folding results should use the folding contained
       in the full field.  But note that the fold for some code points will be a sequence of multiple code
       points.

       Programs that can't cope with the fold mapping being multiple code points can use the folding
       contained in the simple field, with the loss of some generality.  In Unicode 5.1, about 7% of the
       defined foldings have no single code point folding.

       The mapping and status fields are provided for backwards compatibility for existing programs.  They
       contain the same values as in previous versions of this function.

       Locale is not completely independent.  The turkic field contains results to use when the locale is a
       Turkic language.

       For more information about case mappings see <http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr21>

   casespec()
           use Unicode::UCD 'casespec';

           my $casespec = casespec(0xFB00);

       This returns the potentially locale-dependent case mappings of the "code point argument".  The
       mappings may be longer than a single code point (which the basic Unicode case mappings as returned by
       "charinfo()" never are).

       If there are no case mappings for the "code point argument", or if all three possible mappings
       (lower, title and upper) result in single code points and are locale independent and unconditional,
       undef is returned (which means that the case mappings, if any, for the code point are those returned
       by "charinfo()").

       Otherwise, a reference to a hash giving the mappings (or a reference to a hash of such hashes,
       explained below) is returned with the following keys and their meanings:

       The keys in the bottom layer hash with the meanings of their values are:

       code
           the input "code point argument" expressed in hexadecimal, with leading zeros added if necessary
           to make it contain at least four hexdigits

       lower
           one or more codes (separated by spaces) that taken in order give the code points for the lower
           case of code.  Each has at least four hexdigits.

       title
           one or more codes (separated by spaces) that taken in order give the code points for the title
           case of code.  Each has at least four hexdigits.

       upper
           one or more codes (separated by spaces) that taken in order give the code points for the upper
           case of code.  Each has at least four hexdigits.

       condition
           the conditions for the mappings to be valid.  If undef, the mappings are always valid.  When
           defined, this field is a list of conditions, all of which must be true for the mappings to be
           valid.  The list consists of one or more locales (see below) and/or contexts (explained in the
           next paragraph), separated by spaces.  (Other than as used to separate elements, spaces are to be
           ignored.)  Case distinctions in the condition list are not significant.  Conditions preceded by
           "NON_" represent the negation of the condition.

           A context is one of those defined in the Unicode standard.  For Unicode 5.1, they are defined in
           Section 3.13 "Default Case Operations" available at
           <http://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode5.1.0/>.  These are for context-sensitive casing.

       The hash described above is returned for locale-independent casing, where at least one of the
       mappings has length longer than one.  If undef is returned, the code point may have mappings, but if
       so, all are length one, and are returned by "charinfo()".  Note that when this function does return a
       value, it will be for the complete set of mappings for a code point, even those whose length is one.

       If there are additional casing rules that apply only in certain locales, an additional key for each
       will be defined in the returned hash.  Each such key will be its locale name, defined as a 2-letter
       ISO 3166 country code, possibly followed by a "_" and a 2-letter ISO language code (possibly followed
       by a "_" and a variant code).  You can find the lists of all possible locales, see Locale::Country
       and Locale::Language.  (In Unicode 5.1, the only locales returned by this function are "lt", "tr",
       and "az".)

       Each locale key is a reference to a hash that has the form above, and gives the casing rules for that
       particular locale, which take precedence over the locale-independent ones when in that locale.

       If the only casing for a code point is locale-dependent, then the returned hash will not have any of
       the base keys, like "code", "upper", etc., but will contain only locale keys.

       For more information about case mappings see <http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr21/>

   namedseq()
           use Unicode::UCD 'namedseq';

           my $namedseq = namedseq("KATAKANA LETTER AINU P");
           my @namedseq = namedseq("KATAKANA LETTER AINU P");
           my %namedseq = namedseq();

       If used with a single argument in a scalar context, returns the string consisting of the code points
       of the named sequence, or undef if no named sequence by that name exists.  If used with a single
       argument in a list context, it returns the list of the ordinals of the code points.  If used with no
       arguments in a list context, returns a hash with the names of the named sequences as the keys and the
       named sequences as strings as the values.  Otherwise, it returns undef or an empty list depending on
       the context.

       This function only operates on officially approved (not provisional) named sequences.

   Unicode::UCD::UnicodeVersion
       This returns the version of the Unicode Character Database, in other words, the version of the
       Unicode standard the database implements.  The version is a string of numbers delimited by dots
       ('.').

   Blocks versus Scripts
       The difference between a block and a script is that scripts are closer to the linguistic notion of a
       set of code points required to present languages, while block is more of an artifact of the Unicode
       code point numbering and separation into blocks of (mostly) 256 code points.

       For example the Latin script is spread over several blocks, such as "Basic Latin", "Latin 1
       Supplement", "Latin Extended-A", and "Latin Extended-B".  On the other hand, the Latin script does
       not contain all the characters of the "Basic Latin" block (also known as ASCII): it includes only the
       letters, and not, for example, the digits or the punctuation.

       For blocks see <http://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/Blocks.txt>

       For scripts see UTR #24: <http://www.unicode.org/unicode/reports/tr24/>

   Matching Scripts and Blocks
       Scripts are matched with the regular-expression construct "\p{...}" (e.g. "\p{Tibetan}" matches
       characters of the Tibetan script), while "\p{In...}" is used for blocks (e.g. "\p{InTibetan}" matches
       any of the 256 code points in the Tibetan block).

   Implementation Note
       The first use of charinfo() opens a read-only filehandle to the Unicode Character Database (the
       database is included in the Perl distribution).  The filehandle is then kept open for further
       queries.  In other words, if you are wondering where one of your filehandles went, that's where.

BUGS
       Does not yet support EBCDIC platforms.

       "compexcl()" should give a complete list of excluded code points.

AUTHOR
       Jarkko Hietaniemi



perl v5.12.5                                     2012-11-03                                Unicode::UCD(3pm)