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constant(3pm)                         Perl Programmers Reference Guide                         constant(3pm)



NAME
       constant - Perl pragma to declare constants

SYNOPSIS
           use constant PI    => 4 * atan2(1, 1);
           use constant DEBUG => 0;

           print "Pi equals ", PI, "...\n" if DEBUG;

           use constant {
               SEC   => 0,
               MIN   => 1,
               HOUR  => 2,
               MDAY  => 3,
               MON   => 4,
               YEAR  => 5,
               WDAY  => 6,
               YDAY  => 7,
               ISDST => 8,
           };

           use constant WEEKDAYS => qw(
               Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday
           );

           print "Today is ", (WEEKDAYS)[ (localtime)[WDAY] ], ".\n";

DESCRIPTION
       This pragma allows you to declare constants at compile-time.

       When you declare a constant such as "PI" using the method shown above, each machine your script runs
       upon can have as many digits of accuracy as it can use. Also, your program will be easier to read,
       more likely to be maintained (and maintained correctly), and far less likely to send a space probe to
       the wrong planet because nobody noticed the one equation in which you wrote 3.14195.

       When a constant is used in an expression, Perl replaces it with its value at compile time, and may
       then optimize the expression further.  In particular, any code in an "if (CONSTANT)" block will be
       optimized away if the constant is false.

NOTES
       As with all "use" directives, defining a constant happens at compile time. Thus, it's probably not
       correct to put a constant declaration inside of a conditional statement (like "if ($foo) { use
       constant ... }").

       Constants defined using this module cannot be interpolated into strings like variables.  However,
       concatenation works just fine:

           print "Pi equals PI...\n";        # WRONG: does not expand "PI"
           print "Pi equals ".PI."...\n";    # right

       Even though a reference may be declared as a constant, the reference may point to data which may be
       changed, as this code shows.

           use constant ARRAY => [ 1,2,3,4 ];
           print ARRAY->[1];
           ARRAY->[1] = " be changed";
           print ARRAY->[1];

       Dereferencing constant references incorrectly (such as using an array subscript on a constant hash
       reference, or vice versa) will be trapped at compile time.

       Constants belong to the package they are defined in.  To refer to a constant defined in another
       package, specify the full package name, as in "Some::Package::CONSTANT".  Constants may be exported
       by modules, and may also be called as either class or instance methods, that is, as
       "Some::Package->CONSTANT" or as "$obj->CONSTANT" where $obj is an instance of "Some::Package".
       Subclasses may define their own constants to override those in their base class.

       The use of all caps for constant names is merely a convention, although it is recommended in order to
       make constants stand out and to help avoid collisions with other barewords, keywords, and subroutine
       names. Constant names must begin with a letter or underscore. Names beginning with a double
       underscore are reserved. Some poor choices for names will generate warnings, if warnings are enabled
       at compile time.

   List constants
       Constants may be lists of more (or less) than one value.  A constant with no values evaluates to
       "undef" in scalar context.  Note that constants with more than one value do not return their last
       value in scalar context as one might expect.  They currently return the number of values, but this
       may change in the future.  Do not use constants with multiple values in scalar context.

       NOTE: This implies that the expression defining the value of a constant is evaluated in list context.
       This may produce surprises:

           use constant TIMESTAMP => localtime;                # WRONG!
           use constant TIMESTAMP => scalar localtime;         # right

       The first line above defines "TIMESTAMP" as a 9-element list, as returned by "localtime()" in list
       context.  To set it to the string returned by "localtime()" in scalar context, an explicit "scalar"
       keyword is required.

       List constants are lists, not arrays.  To index or slice them, they must be placed in parentheses.

           my @workdays = WEEKDAYS[1 .. 5];            # WRONG!
           my @workdays = (WEEKDAYS)[1 .. 5];          # right

   Defining multiple constants at once
       Instead of writing multiple "use constant" statements, you may define multiple constants in a single
       statement by giving, instead of the constant name, a reference to a hash where the keys are the names
       of the constants to be defined.  Obviously, all constants defined using this method must have a
       single value.

           use constant {
               FOO => "A single value",
               BAR => "This", "won't", "work!",        # Error!
           };

       This is a fundamental limitation of the way hashes are constructed in Perl.  The error messages
       produced when this happens will often be quite cryptic -- in the worst case there may be none at all,
       and you'll only later find that something is broken.

       When defining multiple constants, you cannot use the values of other constants defined in the same
       declaration.  This is because the calling package doesn't know about any constant within that group
       until after the "use" statement is finished.

           use constant {
               BITMASK => 0xAFBAEBA8,
               NEGMASK => ~BITMASK,                    # Error!
           };

   Magic constants
       Magical values and references can be made into constants at compile time, allowing for way cool stuff
       like this.  (These error numbers aren't totally portable, alas.)

           use constant E2BIG => ($! = 7);
           print   E2BIG, "\n";        # something like "Arg list too long"
           print 0+E2BIG, "\n";        # "7"

       You can't produce a tied constant by giving a tied scalar as the value.  References to tied
       variables, however, can be used as constants without any problems.

TECHNICAL NOTES
       In the current implementation, scalar constants are actually inlinable subroutines. As of version
       5.004 of Perl, the appropriate scalar constant is inserted directly in place of some subroutine
       calls, thereby saving the overhead of a subroutine call. See "Constant Functions" in perlsub for
       details about how and when this happens.

       In the rare case in which you need to discover at run time whether a particular constant has been
       declared via this module, you may use this function to examine the hash %constant::declared. If the
       given constant name does not include a package name, the current package is used.

           sub declared ($) {
               use constant 1.01;              # don't omit this!
               my $name = shift;
               $name =~ s/^::/main::/;
               my $pkg = caller;
               my $full_name = $name =~ /::/ ? $name : "${pkg}::$name";
               $constant::declared{$full_name};
           }

CAVEATS
       In the current version of Perl, list constants are not inlined and some symbols may be redefined
       without generating a warning.

       It is not possible to have a subroutine or a keyword with the same name as a constant in the same
       package. This is probably a Good Thing.

       A constant with a name in the list "STDIN STDOUT STDERR ARGV ARGVOUT ENV INC SIG" is not allowed
       anywhere but in package "main::", for technical reasons.

       Unlike constants in some languages, these cannot be overridden on the command line or via environment
       variables.

       You can get into trouble if you use constants in a context which automatically quotes barewords (as
       is true for any subroutine call).  For example, you can't say $hash{CONSTANT} because "CONSTANT" will
       be interpreted as a string.  Use $hash{CONSTANT()} or $hash{+CONSTANT} to prevent the bareword
       quoting mechanism from kicking in.  Similarly, since the "=>" operator quotes a bareword immediately
       to its left, you have to say "CONSTANT() => 'value'" (or simply use a comma in place of the big
       arrow) instead of "CONSTANT => 'value'".

SEE ALSO
       Readonly - Facility for creating read-only scalars, arrays, hashes.

       Const - Facility for creating read-only variables. Similar to "Readonly", but uses "SvREADONLY"
       instead of "tie".

       Attribute::Constant - Make read-only variables via attribute

       Scalar::Readonly - Perl extension to the "SvREADONLY" scalar flag

       Hash::Util - A selection of general-utility hash subroutines (mostly to lock/unlock keys and values)

BUGS
       Please report any bugs or feature requests via the perlbug(1) utility.

AUTHORS
       Tom Phoenix, <rootbeer@redcat.com>, with help from many other folks.

       Multiple constant declarations at once added by Casey West, <casey@geeknest.com>.

       Documentation mostly rewritten by Ilmari Karonen, <perl@itz.pp.sci.fi>.

       This program is maintained by the Perl 5 Porters.  The CPAN distribution is maintained by Sebastien
       Aperghis-Tramoni <sebastien@aperghis.net>.

COPYRIGHT & LICENSE
       Copyright (C) 1997, 1999 Tom Phoenix

       This module is free software; you can redistribute it or modify it under the same terms as Perl
       itself.



perl v5.16.2                                     2012-10-25                                    constant(3pm)