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MOUNT_NFS(8) BSD System Manager's Manual MOUNT_NFS(8)
NAME
mount_nfs -- mount NFS file systems
SYNOPSIS
mount_nfs [-o options] server:/path directory
DESCRIPTION
The mount_nfs command calls the mount(2) system call to prepare and graft a remote NFS file system (
server:/path ) on to the file system tree at the point directory.
This command is expected to be executed by the mount(8) command. Direct use of mount_nfs to mount NFS
file systems is strongly discouraged because there is little practical benefit of using it instead of
mount(8).
For NFS versions that use a separate mount protocol, mount_nfs implements the mount protocol as
described in RFC 1094, Appendix A and NFS: Network File System Version 3 Protocol Specification, RFC
1813, Appendix I.
By default, mount_nfs will attempt the mount twice before exiting with an error. If the -o bg option
is given, it will attempt the mount once and then background itself to continue trying another 10,000
times (pausing for one minute between attempts). The option -o retrycnt=<num> can be used if a differ-ent different
ent retry behavior is desired for a mount.
If the server becomes unresponsive while an NFS file system is mounted, any new or outstanding file
operations on that file system will hang uninterruptibly until the server comes back (or that NFS file
system is forcibly unmounted). To modify this default behaviour, see the -o intr and -o soft mount
options.
Mount options are specified with a -o flag followed by a comma separated string of options. See the
mount(8) man page for possible options and their meanings. The following NFS-specific options are also
available:
bg Retry mount in background. If an initial attempt to contact the server fails, fork off a child
to keep trying the mount in the background. Useful for startup scripts where the file system
mount is not critical to multiuser operation.
retrycnt=<num>
Set the retry count for doing the mount to the specified value. The default is 1 for fore-ground foreground
ground mounts and 10,000 for background mounts.
udp Use UDP transport protocol.
tcp Use the TCP transport protocol instead of UDP. The default is to try TCP first, then fall back
to UDP if the server doesn't support TCP.
inet Use only IPv4 addresses.
inet6 Use only IPv6 addresses.
proto=<netid>
Use the transport protocol and address family as specified by the given ONC RPC Netid (RFC
5665). Valid netid values are: tcp (TCP over IPv4), udp (UDP over IPv4), tcp6 (TCP over IPv6),
and udp6 (UDP over IPv6). Note that this option differs from the separate tcp and udp options
described above in that each netid value specifies both a transport protocol and address family
(IP version).
mntudp Force the mount protocol to use UDP transport, even for TCP NFS mounts. (Necessary for some
old BSD servers.)
mountport=<port-number>
Connect to the NFS server's mount daemon using the given port number.
port=<port-number>
Connect to an NFS server at the given port number.
noconn Do not connect UDP sockets. For UDP mount points, do not do a connect(2). This must be used
for servers that do not reply to requests from the standard NFS port number 2049. It may also
be required for servers with more than one IP address if replies come from an address other
than the one specified in the requests.
resvport
Use a reserved socket port number. This is useful for mounting servers that require clients to
use a reserved port number on the mistaken belief that this makes NFS more secure. (For the
rare case where the client has a trusted root account but untrustworthy users and the network
cables are in secure areas this does help, but for normal desktop clients this does not apply.)
intr Make the mount interruptible, which implies that file system calls that are delayed due to an
unresponsive server will fail with EINTR when a termination signal is posted for the process.
soft Make the mount soft, which means that file system calls will fail after retrans round trip
timeout intervals. Note: mounts which are both soft and read-only will also have the
locallocks mount option enabled by default - unless explicitly overridden with a lock option
(for example, nolocks or nolocallocks ).
vers=<num>
nfsvers=<num>
Set the NFS protocol version number - 2 for NFSv2, 3 for NFSv3 and 4 for NFSv4. The default is
to try version 3 first, and fall back to version 2 if the mount fails.
nfsv2
nfsv3
nfsv4 Deprecated. Use -o vers=<num> to specify NFS protocol version.
sec=<mechanism>
Force a specific security mechanism to be used for the mount, where mechanism is one of: krb5p,
krb5i, krb5, or sys. When this option is not given the security mechanism will be negotiated
transparently with the remote server.
realm=<realm>
Use the default credential for realm or security domain. For Kerberos realms are usually upper-case. uppercase.
case. If the realm specified does not begin with an ``@'', an ``@'' sign will be prepended to
it. Note specifying the realm is typically used for automounter maps when clients may have
multiple credential caches, and tells the client what cache to use on the mount.
principal=<principal>
Use the specified principal for acquiring credentials for the mount. That principal will be
used for all accesses by the mounting credential on the mounted file system. Note specifying a
principal is useful for user initiated command line mounts, where the user knows the particular
credential to use.
sprincipal=<server-principal>
Use the specified server-principal for establishing credentials for the mount. That server
principal will be use for all mount access. If no server principal is specified, then the
GSS_C_NT_HOSTBASED_SERVICE nfs@server is used, where server is taken from the mount argument
server:/path. Note its rare to use this option.
rsize=<readsize>
Set the read data size to the specified value. The default is 8192 for UDP mounts and 32768
for TCP mounts. It should normally be a power of 2 greater than or equal to 1024. Values
greater than 4096 should be multiples of 4096. It may need to be lowered for UDP mounts when
the ``fragments dropped due to timeout'' value is getting large while actively using a mount
point. (Use netstat(1) with the -s option to see what the ``fragments dropped due to timeout''
value is.)
wsize=<writesize>
Set the write data size to the specified value. Ditto the comments w.r.t. the rsize option,
but using the ``fragments dropped due to timeout'' value on the server instead of the client.
Note that both the rsize and wsize options should only be used as a last ditch effort at
improving performance when mounting servers that do not support TCP mounts.
rwsize=<size>
Set both the read data size and write data size to the specified value.
dsize=<readdirsize>
Set the directory read size to the specified value. The value should normally be a multiple of
DIRBLKSIZ that is <= the read size for the mount. The default is 8192 for UDP mounts and 32768
for TCP mounts.
readahead=<maxreadahead>
Set the maximum read-ahead count to the specified value. The default is 16. This may be in
the range of 0 - 128, and determines how many blocks will be read ahead when a large file is
being read sequentially. Trying larger values for this is suggested for mounts with a large
bandwidth * delay product.
rdirplus
Used with NFS v3/v4 to specify that directory read operations should retrieve additional infor-mation information
mation about each entry (e.g. use the NFSv3 ReaddirPlus RPC). This option typically reduces
RPC traffic for cases such as directory listings that use or display basic attributes (e.g.
``ls -F'' and ``find . -type f'' ). Note that the long directory listing format case (i.e.
``ls -l'' ) may not be helped much when the file system does not natively support extended
attributes. Older implementations tended to flood the vnode and name caches with prefetched
entries which may not be referenced. The current implementation avoids creating those entries
until they are referenced. Try this option and see whether performance improves or degrades.
Probably most useful for client to server network interconnects with a large bandwidth times
delay product.
acregmin=<seconds>
acregmax=<seconds>
acdirmin=<seconds>
acdirmax=<seconds>
These options set the minimum and maximum attribute cache timeouts for directories and "regu-lar" "regular"
lar" (non-directory) files. The default minimum is 5 seconds and the default maximum is 60
seconds. Setting both the minimum and maximum to zero will disable attribute caching. The
algorithm to calculate the timeout is based on the age of the file or directory. The older it
is, the longer the attribute cache is considered valid, subject to the limits above. Note that
the effectiveness of this algorithm depends on how well the clocks on the client and server are
synchronized.
actimeo=<seconds>
Set all attribute cache timeouts to the same value.
noac Disable attribute caching. Equivalent to setting actimeo to 0.
nonegnamecache
Disable negative name caching.
locallocks
Perform all file locking operations locally on the NFS client (in the VFS layer) instead of on
the NFS server. This option can provide file locking support on an NFS file system for which
the server does not support file locking. However, because the file locking is only performed
on the client, the NFS server and other NFS clients will have no knowledge of the locks. Note:
mounts which are both soft and read-only will also have the locallocks mount option enabled by
default - unless explicitly overridden with a lock option (for example, nolocks or nolocallocks
).
nolocks
nolockd
nolock
nonlm Do not support NFS file locking operations. Any attempt to perform file locking operations on
this mount will return the error ENOTSUP regardless of whether or not the NFS server supports
NFS file locking.
noquota
Do not support file system quota operations that would normally be serviced by using the RQUOTA
protocol. Any attempt to perform quota operations on this mount will return the error ENOTSUP
regardless of whether or not the NFS server supports the RQUOTA service.
maxgroups=<num>
Set the maximum size of the group list for the credentials to the specified value. This should
be used for mounts on old servers that cannot handle a group list size of 16, as specified in
RFC 1057. Try 8, if users in a lot of groups cannot get a response from the mount point.
dumbtimer
Turn off the dynamic retransmit timeout estimator. This may be useful for UDP mounts that
exhibit high retry rates, since it is possible that the dynamically estimated timeout interval
is too short.
timeo=<timeout>
Set the initial retransmit timeout to the specified value. The default is 1 second. May be
useful for fine tuning UDP mounts over internetworks with high packet loss rates or an over-loaded overloaded
loaded server. Try increasing the interval if nfsstat(1) shows high retransmit rates while the
file system is active or reducing the value if there is a low retransmit rate but long response
delay observed. (Normally, the dumbtimer option should be specified when using this option to
manually tune the timeout interval.)
retrans=<count>
Set the retransmit timeout count for soft mounts to the specified value. The default value is
10.
deadtimeout=<timeout>
If the mount is still unresponsive timeout seconds after it is initially reported unresponsive,
then mark the mount as dead so that it will be forcibly unmounted. Note: mounts which are both
soft and read-only will also have the deadtimeout mount option set to 60 seconds. This can be
explicitly overridden by setting deadtimeout=0.
mutejukebox
When NFS requests repeatedly get jukebox errors (NFS3ERR_JUKEBOX, NFS4ERR_DELAY) from the
server the NFS file system is reported as being unresponsive. Use of this option will prevent
the file system from being included in the list of unresponsive file systems that would be
included in a dialog presented to the user. This option may be useful when a file system is
expected to get such errors during normal operation. For example, when it's backed by a hier-archical hierarchical
archical storage management system.
async Assume that unstable write requests have actually been committed to stable storage on the
server, and thus will not require resending in the event that the server crashes. Use of this
option may improve performance but only at the risk of data loss if the server crashes. Note:
this mount option will only be honored if the nfs.client.allow_async option in nfs.conf(5) is
also enabled.
sync Perform I/O requests (specifically, write requests) synchronously. The operation will not
return until a response is received from the server. (The default, nosync, behavior is to
return once the I/O has been queued up.)
nocallback
For NFSv4 mounts, don't support callback requests from the server. This should effectively
disable features that require callback requests such as delegations.
nonamedattr
For NFSv4 mounts, don't support named attributes even if the server does. By default, if the
server appears to support named attributes, they will be used to store extended attributes and
named streams (e.g. FinderInfo and resource forks).
noacl For NFSv4 mounts, don't support ACLs even if the server does. ACLs are currently disabled by
default to avoid issues with the way ACLs and modes are handled differently on other operating
systems. This may be overriden by specifying the acl option.
aclonly
For NFSv4 mounts, only support ACLs; do not support the mode attribute. (Any mode attribute
values returned will have all permission bits set - regardless of the value of any ACL or
access mode stored in the file system.) This option overrides the noacl option.
nfc Convert name strings to Unicode Normalization Form C (NFC) when sending them to the NFS server.
This option may be used to improve interoperability with NFS clients and servers that typically
use names in the NFC form.
nfs.conf(5) can be used to configure some NFS client options. In particular, nfs.client.mount.options
can be used to specify default mount options. This can be useful in situations where it is not easy to
configure the command-line options. Some NFS client options in nfs.conf(5) correspond to kernel con-figuration configuration
figuration values which will get set by mount_nfs when performing a mount. To update these values
without performing a mount, use the command: mount_nfs configupdate.
COMPATIBILITY
The following mount_nfs command line flags have equivalent -o option forms (shown in parentheses) and
their use is strongly discouraged. These command line flags are deprecated and the -o option forms
should be used instead.
-2 (vers=2), -3 (vers=3), -4 (vers=4), -L (nolocks), -P (resvport), -T (tcp), -U (mntudp), -b (bg), -c
(noconn), -d (dumbtimer), -i (intr), -l (rdirplus), -s (soft), -I readdirsize (dsize=#), -R retrycnt
(retrycnt=#), -a maxreadahead (readahead=#), -g maxgroups (maxgroups=#), -r readsize (rsize=#), -t
timeout (timeo=#), -w writesize (wsize=#), -x retrans (retrans=#).
EXAMPLES
The simplest way to invoke mount_nfs is with a command like:
mount remotehost:/filesystem /localmountpoint
or:
mount -t nfs remotehost:/filesystem /localmountpoint
PERFORMANCE
As can be derived from the comments accompanying the options, performance tuning of NFS can be a non-trivial nontrivial
trivial task. Here are some common points to watch:
• Use of the sync option will probably have a detrimental affect on performance. Its use is dis-couraged discouraged
couraged as it provides little benefit.
• Use of the async option may improve performance, but only at the risk of losing data if the
server crashes because the client will not be making sure that all data is committed to stable
storage on the server.
• Increasing the read and write size with the rsize and wsize options respectively will increase
throughput if the network interface can handle the larger packet sizes.
The default read and write sizes are 8K when using UDP, and 32K when using TCP. Values over
16K are only supported for TCP, where 64K is the maximum.
Any value over 32K is unlikely to get you more performance, unless you have a very fast net-work. network.
work.
• If the network interface cannot handle larger packet sizes or a long train of back to back
packets, you may see low performance figures or even temporary hangups during NFS activity.
This can especially happen with lossy network connections (e.g. wireless networks) which can
lead to a lot of dropped packets.
In this case, decreasing the read and write size, using TCP, or a combination of both will usu-ally usually
ally lead to better throughput.
• For connections that are not on the same LAN, and/or may experience packet loss, using TCP is
strongly recommended.
ERRORS
Some common problems with mount_nfs can be difficult for first time users to understand.
mount_nfs: can't access /foo: Permission denied
This message means that the remote host is either not exporting the file system you requested or is not
exporting it to your host. If you believe the remote host is indeed exporting a file system to you,
make sure the exports(5) file is exporting the proper directories. The program showmount(8) can be
used to see a server's exports list. The command ``showmount -e remotehostname'' will display what
file systems the remote host is exporting.
A common mistake is that mountd(8) will not export a file system with the -alldirs option, unless it is
a mount point on the exporting host. It is not possible to remotely mount a subdirectory of an
exported mount, unless it is exported with the -alldirs option.
The following error:
NFS Portmap: RPC: Program not registered
means that the remote host is not running nfsd(8). or mountd(8). The program rpcinfo(8) can be used
to determine if the remote host is running nfsd and mountd by issuing the command:
rpcinfo -p remotehostname
If the remote host is running nfsd, mountd, rpc.statd, and rpc.lockd it would display:
program vers proto port
100000 2 tcp 111 portmapper
100000 2 udp 111 portmapper
100005 1 udp 950 mountd
100005 3 udp 950 mountd
100005 1 tcp 884 mountd
100005 3 tcp 884 mountd
100003 2 udp 2049 nfs
100003 3 udp 2049 nfs
100003 2 tcp 2049 nfs
100003 3 tcp 2049 nfs
100024 1 udp 644 status
100024 1 tcp 918 status
100021 0 udp 630 nlockmgr
100021 1 udp 630 nlockmgr
100021 3 udp 630 nlockmgr
100021 4 udp 630 nlockmgr
100021 0 tcp 917 nlockmgr
100021 1 tcp 917 nlockmgr
100021 3 tcp 917 nlockmgr
100021 4 tcp 917 nlockmgr
The error:
mount_nfs: can't resolve host
indicates that mount_nfs could not resolve the name of the remote host.
SEE ALSO
mount(2), unmount(2), mount(8), umount(8), nfsstat(1), netstat(1), rpcinfo(8), showmount(8),
automount(8), nfs.conf(5)
CAVEATS
An NFS server shouldn't loopback-mount its own exported file systems because it's fundamentally prone
to deadlock.
BSD February 28, 2010 BSD
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