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SETKEY(8) BSD System Manager's Manual SETKEY(8)
NAME
setkey -- manually manipulate the IPsec SA/SP database
SYNOPSIS
setkey [-knrv] file ...
setkey [-knrv] -c
setkey [-krv] -f filename
setkey [-aklPrv] -D
setkey [-Pvp] -F
setkey [-H] -x
setkey [-?V]
DESCRIPTION
setkey adds, updates, dumps, or flushes Security Association Database (SAD) entries as well as Security
Policy Database (SPD) entries in the kernel.
setkey takes a series of operations from standard input (if invoked with -c) or the file named filename
(if invoked with -f filename).
(no flag)
Dump the SAD entries or SPD entries contained in the specified file.
-? Print short help.
-a setkey usually does not display dead SAD entries with -D. If -a is also specified, the dead
SAD entries will be displayed as well. A dead SAD entry is one that has expired but remains in
the system because it is referenced by some SPD entries.
-D Dump the SAD entries. If -P is also specified, the SPD entries are dumped. If -p is speci-fied, specified,
fied, the ports are displayed.
-F Flush the SAD entries. If -P is also specified, the SPD entries are flushed.
-H Add hexadecimal dump in -x mode.
-h On NetBSD, synonym for -H. On other systems, synonym for -?.
-k Use semantics used in kernel. Available only in Linux. See also -r.
-l Loop forever with short output on -D.
-n No action. The program will check validity of the input, but no changes to the SPD will be
made.
-r Use semantics described in IPsec RFCs. This mode is default. For details see section RFC vs
Linux kernel semantics. Available only in Linux. See also -k.
-x Loop forever and dump all the messages transmitted to the PF_KEY socket. -xx prints the unfor-matted unformatted
matted timestamps.
-V Print version string.
-v Be verbose. The program will dump messages exchanged on the PF_KEY socket, including messages
sent from other processes to the kernel.
Configuration syntax
With -c or -f on the command line, setkey accepts the following configuration syntax. Lines starting
with hash signs (`#') are treated as comment lines.
add [-46n] src dst protocol spi [extensions] algorithm ... ;
Add an SAD entry. add can fail for multiple reasons, including when the key length does not
match the specified algorithm.
get [-46n] src dst protocol spi ;
Show an SAD entry.
delete [-46n] src dst protocol spi ;
Remove an SAD entry.
deleteall [-46n] src dst protocol ;
Remove all SAD entries that match the specification.
flush [protocol] ;
Clear all SAD entries matched by the options. -F on the command line achieves the same func-tionality. functionality.
tionality.
dump [protocol] ;
Dumps all SAD entries matched by the options. -D on the command line achieves the same func-tionality. functionality.
tionality.
spdadd [-46n] src_range dst_range upperspec policy ;
Add an SPD entry.
spdadd tagged tag policy ;
Add an SPD entry based on a PF tag. tag must be a string surrounded by double quotes.
spddelete [-46n] src_range dst_range upperspec -P direction ;
Delete an SPD entry.
spdflush ;
Clear all SPD entries. -FP on the command line achieves the same functionality.
spddump ;
Dumps all SPD entries. -DP on the command line achieves the same functionality.
Meta-arguments are as follows:
src
dst Source/destination of the secure communication is specified as an IPv4/v6 address, and an
optional port number between square brackets. setkey can resolve a FQDN into numeric
addresses. If the FQDN resolves into multiple addresses, setkey will install multiple SAD/SPD
entries into the kernel by trying all possible combinations. -4, -6, and -n restrict the
address resolution of FQDN in certain ways. -4 and -6 restrict results into IPv4/v6 addresses
only, respectively. -n avoids FQDN resolution and requires addresses to be numeric addresses.
protocol
protocol is one of following:
esp ESP based on rfc2406
esp-old ESP based on rfc1827
ah AH based on rfc2402
ah-old AH based on rfc1826
ipcomp IPComp
tcp TCP-MD5 based on rfc2385
spi Security Parameter Index (SPI) for the SAD and the SPD. spi must be a decimal number, or a
hexadecimal number with a ``0x'' prefix. SPI values between 0 and 255 are reserved for future
use by IANA and cannot be used. TCP-MD5 associations must use 0x1000 and therefore only have
per-host granularity at this time.
extensions
take some of the following:
-m mode Specify a security protocol mode for use. mode is one of following: transport,
tunnel, or any. The default value is any.
-r size Specify window size of bytes for replay prevention. size must be decimal number in
32-bit word. If size is zero or not specified, replay checks don't take place.
-u id Specify the identifier of the policy entry in the SPD. See policy.
-f pad_option
defines the content of the ESP padding. pad_option is one of following:
zero-pad All the paddings are zero.
random-pad A series of randomized values are used.
seq-pad A series of sequential increasing numbers started from 1 are used.
-f nocyclic-seq
Don't allow cyclic sequence numbers.
-lh time
-ls time Specify hard/soft life time duration of the SA measured in seconds.
-bh bytes
-bs bytes Specify hard/soft life time duration of the SA measured in bytes transported.
algorithm
-E ealgo key
Specify an encryption algorithm ealgo for ESP.
-E ealgo key -A aalgo key
Specify an encryption algorithm ealgo, as well as a payload authentication algo-rithm algorithm
rithm aalgo, for ESP.
-A aalgo key
Specify an authentication algorithm for AH.
-C calgo [-R]
Specify a compression algorithm for IPComp. If -R is specified, the spi field
value will be used as the IPComp CPI (compression parameter index) on wire as-is.
If -R is not specified, the kernel will use well-known CPI on wire, and spi field
will be used only as an index for kernel internal usage.
key must be a double-quoted character string, or a series of hexadecimal digits preceded by
``0x''.
Possible values for ealgo, aalgo, and calgo are specified in the Algorithms sections.
src_range
dst_range
These select the communications that should be secured by IPsec. They can be an IPv4/v6
address or an IPv4/v6 address range, and may be accompanied by a TCP/UDP port specification.
This takes the following form:
address
address/prefixlen
address[port]
address/prefixlen[port]
prefixlen and port must be decimal numbers. The square brackets around port are really neces-sary, necessary,
sary, they are not man page meta-characters. For FQDN resolution, the rules applicable to src
and dst apply here as well.
upperspec
Upper-layer protocol to be used. You can use one of the words in /etc/protocols as upperspec,
or icmp6, ip4, or any. any stands for ``any protocol''. You can also use the protocol number.
You can specify a type and/or a code of ICMPv6 when the upper-layer protocol is ICMPv6. The
specification can be placed after icmp6. A type is separated from a code by single comma. A
code must always be specified. When a zero is specified, the kernel deals with it as a wild-card. wildcard.
card. Note that the kernel can not distinguish a wildcard from an ICPMv6 type of zero. For
example, the following means that the policy doesn't require IPsec for any inbound Neighbor
Solicitation.
spdadd ::/0 ::/0 icmp6 135,0 -P in none;
Note: upperspec does not work against forwarding case at this moment, as it requires extra
reassembly at the forwarding node (not implemented at this moment). There are many protocols
in /etc/protocols, but all protocols except of TCP, UDP, and ICMP may not be suitable to use
with IPsec. You have to consider carefully what to use.
policy policy is in one of the following three formats:
-P direction [priority specification] discard
-P direction [priority specification] none
-P direction [priority specification] ipsec
protocol/mode/src-dst/level [...]
You must specify the direction of its policy as direction. Either out, in, or fwd can be used.
priority specification is used to control the placement of the policy within the SPD. Policy
position is determined by a signed integer where higher priorities indicate the policy is
placed closer to the beginning of the list and lower priorities indicate the policy is placed
closer to the end of the list. Policies with equal priorities are added at the end of groups
of such policies.
Priority can only be specified when setkey has been compiled against kernel headers that sup-port support
port policy priorities (Linux >= 2.6.6). If the kernel does not support priorities, a warning
message will be printed the first time a priority specification is used. Policy priority takes
one of the following formats:
{priority,prio} offset
offset is an integer in the range from -2147483647 to 214783648.
{priority,prio} base {+,-} offset
base is either low (-1073741824), def (0), or high (1073741824)
offset is an unsigned integer. It can be up to 1073741824 for positive offsets, and
up to 1073741823 for negative offsets.
discard means the packet matching indexes will be discarded. none means that IPsec operation
will not take place onto the packet. ipsec means that IPsec operation will take place onto the
packet.
The protocol/mode/src-dst/level part specifies the rule how to process the packet. Either ah,
esp, or ipcomp must be used as protocol. mode is either transport or tunnel. If mode is
tunnel, you must specify the end-point addresses of the SA as src and dst with `-' between
these addresses, which is used to specify the SA to use. If mode is transport, both src and
dst can be omitted. level is to be one of the following: default, use, require, or unique. If
the SA is not available in every level, the kernel will ask the key exchange daemon to estab-lish establish
lish a suitable SA. default means the kernel consults the system wide default for the protocol
you specified, e.g. the esp_trans_deflev sysctl variable, when the kernel processes the packet.
use means that the kernel uses an SA if it's available, otherwise the kernel keeps normal oper-ation. operation.
ation. require means SA is required whenever the kernel sends a packet matched with the pol-icy. policy.
icy. unique is the same as require; in addition, it allows the policy to match the unique out-bound outbound
bound SA. You just specify the policy level unique, racoon(8) will configure the SA for the
policy. If you configure the SA by manual keying for that policy, you can put a decimal number
as the policy identifier after unique separated by a colon `:' like: unique:number in order to
bind this policy to the SA. number must be between 1 and 32767. It corresponds to extensions
-u of the manual SA configuration. When you want to use SA bundle, you can define multiple
rules. For example, if an IP header was followed by an AH header followed by an ESP header
followed by an upper layer protocol header, the rule would be:
esp/transport//require ah/transport//require;
The rule order is very important.
When NAT-T is enabled in the kernel, policy matching for ESP over UDP packets may be done on
endpoint addresses and port (this depends on the system. System that do not perform the port
check cannot support multiple endpoints behind the same NAT). When using ESP over UDP, you can
specify port numbers in the endpoint addresses to get the correct matching. Here is an exam-ple: example:
ple:
spdadd 10.0.11.0/24[any] 10.0.11.33/32[any] any -P out ipsec
esp/tunnel/192.168.0.1[4500]-192.168.1.2[30000]/require ;
These ports must be left unspecified (which defaults to 0) for anything other than ESP over
UDP. They can be displayed in SPD dump using setkey -DPp.
Note that ``discard'' and ``none'' are not in the syntax described in ipsec_set_policy(3).
There are a few differences in the syntax. See ipsec_set_policy(3) for detail.
Algorithms
The following list shows the supported algorithms. protocol and algorithm are almost orthogonal.
These authentication algorithms can be used as aalgo in -A aalgo of the protocol parameter:
algorithm keylen (bits)
hmac-md5 128 ah: rfc2403
128 ah-old: rfc2085
hmac-sha1 160 ah: rfc2404
160 ah-old: 128bit ICV (no document)
keyed-md5 128 ah: 96bit ICV (no document)
128 ah-old: rfc1828
keyed-sha1 160 ah: 96bit ICV (no document)
160 ah-old: 128bit ICV (no document)
null 0 to 2048 for debugging
hmac-sha256 256 ah: 96bit ICV
(draft-ietf-ipsec-ciph-sha-256-00)
256 ah-old: 128bit ICV (no document)
hmac-sha384 384 ah: 96bit ICV (no document)
384 ah-old: 128bit ICV (no document)
hmac-sha512 512 ah: 96bit ICV (no document)
512 ah-old: 128bit ICV (no document)
hmac-ripemd160 160 ah: 96bit ICV (RFC2857)
ah-old: 128bit ICV (no document)
aes-xcbc-mac 128 ah: 96bit ICV (RFC3566)
128 ah-old: 128bit ICV (no document)
tcp-md5 8 to 640 tcp: rfc2385
These encryption algorithms can be used as ealgo in -E ealgo of the protocol parameter:
algorithm keylen (bits)
des-cbc 64 esp-old: rfc1829, esp: rfc2405
3des-cbc 192 rfc2451
null 0 to 2048 rfc2410
blowfish-cbc 40 to 448 rfc2451
cast128-cbc 40 to 128 rfc2451
des-deriv 64 ipsec-ciph-des-derived-01
3des-deriv 192 no document
rijndael-cbc 128/192/256 rfc3602
twofish-cbc 0 to 256 draft-ietf-ipsec-ciph-aes-cbc-01
aes-ctr 160/224/288 draft-ietf-ipsec-ciph-aes-ctr-03
Note that the first 128 bits of a key for aes-ctr will be used as AES key, and the remaining 32 bits
will be used as nonce.
These compression algorithms can be used as calgo in -C calgo of the protocol parameter:
algorithm
deflate rfc2394
RFC vs Linux kernel semantics
The Linux kernel uses the fwd policy instead of the in policy for packets what are forwarded through
that particular box.
In kernel mode, setkey manages and shows policies and SAs exactly as they are stored in the kernel.
In RFC mode, setkey
creates fwd policies for every in policy inserted
(not implemented yet) filters out all fwd policies
RETURN VALUES
The command exits with 0 on success, and non-zero on errors.
EXAMPLES
add 3ffe:501:4819::1 3ffe:501:481d::1 esp 123457
-E des-cbc 0x3ffe05014819ffff ;
add -6 myhost.example.com yourhost.example.com ah 123456
-A hmac-sha1 "AH SA configuration!" ;
add 10.0.11.41 10.0.11.33 esp 0x10001
-E des-cbc 0x3ffe05014819ffff
-A hmac-md5 "authentication!!" ;
get 3ffe:501:4819::1 3ffe:501:481d::1 ah 123456 ;
flush ;
dump esp ;
spdadd 10.0.11.41/32[21] 10.0.11.33/32[any] any
-P out ipsec esp/tunnel/192.168.0.1-192.168.1.2/require ;
add 10.1.10.34 10.1.10.36 tcp 0x1000 -A tcp-md5 "TCP-MD5 BGP secret" ;
SEE ALSO
ipsec_set_policy(3), racoon(8), sysctl(8)
Changed manual key configuration for IPsec, October 1999, http://www.kame.net/newsletter/19991007/.
HISTORY
The setkey command first appeared in the WIDE Hydrangea IPv6 protocol stack kit. The command was com-pletely completely
pletely re-designed in June 1998.
BUGS
setkey should report and handle syntax errors better.
For IPsec gateway configuration, src_range and dst_range with TCP/UDP port numbers does not work, as
the gateway does not reassemble packets (it cannot inspect upper-layer headers).
BSD March 19, 2004 BSD
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