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Tcl(n)                                      Tcl Built-In Commands                                     Tcl(n)



____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

NAME
       Tcl - Tool Command Language

SYNOPSIS
       Summary of Tcl language syntax.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

DESCRIPTION
       The following rules define the syntax and semantics of the Tcl language:

       [1] Commands.
              A  Tcl  script is a string containing one or more commands.  Semi-colons and newlines are com-mand command
              mand separators unless quoted as described below.  Close brackets are command terminators dur-ing during
              ing command substitution (see below) unless quoted.

       [2] Evaluation.
              A command is evaluated in two steps.  First, the Tcl interpreter breaks the command into words
              and performs substitutions as described below.  These substitutions are performed in the  same
              way  for  all commands.  The first word is used to locate a command procedure to carry out the
              command, then all of the words of the command are passed to the command procedure.   The  com-mand command
              mand procedure is free to interpret each of its words in any way it likes, such as an integer,
              variable name, list, or Tcl script.  Different commands interpret their words differently.

       [3] Words.
              Words of a command are separated by white space (except for newlines, which are command  sepa-rators). separators).
              rators).

       [4] Double quotes.
              If the first character of a word is double-quote (""") then the word is terminated by the next
              double-quote character.  If semi-colons, close brackets, or white space characters  (including
              newlines)  appear between the quotes then they are treated as ordinary characters and included
              in the word.  Command substitution, variable substitution, and backslash substitution are per-formed performed
              formed  on  the  characters  between the quotes as described below.  The double-quotes are not
              retained as part of the word.

       [5] Argument expan-                                                                                   |
       sion.                                                                               |                 |
              If  a word starts with the string "{*}" followed by a non-whitespace character, then the lead- |
              ing "{*}" is removed and the rest of the word is parsed and substituted  as  any  other  word. |
              After  substitution,  the word is parsed as a list (without command or variable substitutions; |
              backslash substitutions are performed as is normal for a list and  individual  internal  words |
              may be surrounded by either braces or double-quote characters), and its words are added to the |
              command being substituted. For instance, "cmd a {*}{b [c]} d {*}{$e f "g h"}" is equivalent to |
              "cmd a b {[c]} d {$e} f "g h"".

       [6] Braces.
              If  the first character of a word is an open brace ("{") and rule [5] does not apply, then the
              word is terminated by the matching close brace ("}").  Braces nest within the word:  for  each
              additional  open  brace  there must be an additional close brace (however, if an open brace or
              close brace within the word is quoted with a backslash then it is not counted in locating  the
              matching  close  brace).   No substitutions are performed on the characters between the braces
              except for backslash-newline substitutions described  below,  nor  do  semi-colons,  newlines,
              close  brackets,  or white space receive any special interpretation.  The word will consist of
              exactly the characters between the outer braces, not including the braces themselves.

       [7] Command substitution.
              If a word contains an open bracket ("[") then Tcl performs command substitution.  To  do  this
              it  invokes  the  Tcl  interpreter  recursively  to  process the characters following the open
              bracket as a Tcl script.  The script may contain any number of commands and must be terminated
              by  a  close bracket ("]").  The result of the script (i.e. the result of its last command) is
              substituted into the word in place of the brackets and all of  the  characters  between  them.
              There  may  be  any number of command substitutions in a single word.  Command substitution is
              not performed on words enclosed in braces.

       [8] Variable substitution.
              If a word contains a dollar-sign ("$") followed by one of the forms described below, then  Tcl
              performs  variable substitution:  the dollar-sign and the following characters are replaced in
              the word by the value of a variable.  Variable substitution may  take  any  of  the  following
              forms:

              $name          Name  is  the name of a scalar variable;  the name is a sequence of one or more
                             characters that are a letter, digit, underscore, or namespace  separators  (two
                             or more colons).

              $name(index)   Name gives the name of an array variable and index gives the name of an element
                             within that array.  Name must contain only letters,  digits,  underscores,  and
                             namespace separators, and may be an empty string.  Command substitutions, vari-able variable
                             able substitutions, and backslash substitutions are performed on the characters
                             of index.

              ${name}        Name  is  the name of a scalar variable.  It may contain any characters whatso-ever whatsoever
                             ever except for close braces.

              There may be any number of variable substitutions in a single word.  Variable substitution  is
              not performed on words enclosed in braces.

       [9] Backslash substitution.
              If  a  backslash ("\") appears within a word then backslash substitution occurs.  In all cases
              but those described below the backslash is dropped and the following character is  treated  as
              an ordinary character and included in the word.  This allows characters such as double quotes,
              close brackets, and dollar signs to be included in words without triggering  special  process-ing. processing.
              ing.  The following table lists the backslash sequences that are handled specially, along with
              the value that replaces each sequence.

              \a     Audible alert (bell) (0x7).

              \b     Backspace (0x8).

              \f     Form feed (0xc).

              \n     Newline (0xa).

              \r     Carriage-return (0xd).

              \t     Tab (0x9).

              \v     Vertical tab (0xb).

              \<newline>whiteSpace
                     A single space character replaces the backslash, newline, and all spaces and tabs after
                     the  newline.   This  backslash sequence is unique in that it is replaced in a separate
                     pre-pass before the command is actually parsed.  This means that it  will  be  replaced
                     even  when  it occurs between braces, and the resulting space will be treated as a word
                     separator if it is not in braces or quotes.

              \\     Backslash ("\").

              \ooo   The digits ooo (one, two, or three of them) give an eight-bit octal value for the  Uni-code Unicode
                     code  character that will be inserted.  The upper bits of the Unicode character will be
                     0.

              \xhh   The hexadecimal digits hh give an eight-bit hexadecimal value for the Unicode character
                     that  will  be inserted.  Any number of hexadecimal digits may be present; however, all
                     but the last two are ignored (the result is always a  one-byte  quantity).   The  upper
                     bits of the Unicode character will be 0.

              \uhhhh The hexadecimal digits hhhh (one, two, three, or four of them) give a sixteen-bit hexa-decimal hexadecimal
                     decimal value for the Unicode character that will be inserted.

              Backslash substitution is not performed on words enclosed in braces, except for backslash-new-line backslash-newline
              line as described above.

       [10] Comments.
              If a hash character ("#") appears at a point where Tcl is expecting the first character of the
              first word of a command, then the hash character and the characters that follow it, up through
              the  next  newline, are treated as a comment and ignored.  The comment character only has sig-nificance significance
              nificance when it appears at the beginning of a command.

       [11] Order of substitution.
              Each character is processed exactly once by the Tcl interpreter as part of creating the  words
              of  a command.  For example, if variable substitution occurs then no further substitutions are
              performed on the value of the variable;  the value is inserted into  the  word  verbatim.   If
              command  substitution  occurs  then  the nested command is processed entirely by the recursive
              call to the Tcl interpreter; no substitutions are performed before making the  recursive  call
              and no additional substitutions are performed on the result of the nested script.

              Substitutions  take  place  from  left to right, and each substitution is evaluated completely
              before attempting to evaluate the next.  Thus, a sequence like
                     set y [set x 0][incr x][incr x]
              will always set the variable y to the value, _12.

       [12] Substitution and word boundaries.
              Substitutions do not affect the word boundaries of a command, except for argument expansion as
              specified  in  rule  [5].   For  example, during variable substitution the entire value of the
              variable becomes part of a single word, even if the variable's value contains spaces.



Tcl                                                  8.5                                              Tcl(n)