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binary(n) Tcl Built-In Commands binary(n)
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
NAME
binary - Insert and extract fields from binary strings
SYNOPSIS
binary format formatString ?arg arg ...?
binary scan string formatString ?varName varName ...?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
DESCRIPTION
This command provides facilities for manipulating binary data. The first form, binary format, cre-ates creates
ates a binary string from normal Tcl values. For example, given the values 16 and 22, on a 32-bit
architecture, it might produce an 8-byte binary string consisting of two 4-byte integers, one for
each of the numbers. The second form of the command, binary scan, does the opposite: it extracts
data from a binary string and returns it as ordinary Tcl string values.
BINARY FORMAT
The binary format command generates a binary string whose layout is specified by the formatString and
whose contents come from the additional arguments. The resulting binary value is returned.
The formatString consists of a sequence of zero or more field specifiers separated by zero or more
spaces. Each field specifier is a single type character followed by an optional flag character fol-lowed followed
lowed by an optional numeric count. Most field specifiers consume one argument to obtain the value
to be formatted. The type character specifies how the value is to be formatted. The count typically
indicates how many items of the specified type are taken from the value. If present, the count is a
non-negative decimal integer or *, which normally indicates that all of the items in the value are to
be used. If the number of arguments does not match the number of fields in the format string that
consume arguments, then an error is generated. The flag character is ignored for for binary format.
Here is a small example to clarify the relation between the field specifiers and the arguments:
binary format d3d {1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0} 0.1
The first argument is a list of four numbers, but because of the count of 3 for the associated field
specifier, only the first three will be used. The second argument is associated with the second field
specifier. The resulting binary string contains the four numbers 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 0.1.
Each type-count pair moves an imaginary cursor through the binary data, storing bytes at the current
position and advancing the cursor to just after the last byte stored. The cursor is initially at
position 0 at the beginning of the data. The type may be any one of the following characters:
a Stores a byte string of length count in the output string. Every character is taken as modulo
256 (i.e. the low byte of every character is used, and the high byte discarded) so when storing
character strings not wholly expressible using the characters \u0000-\u00ff, the encoding con-vertto convertto
vertto command should be used first to change the string into an external representation if this
truncation is not desired (i.e. if the characters are not part of the ISO 8859-1 character set.)
If arg has fewer than count bytes, then additional zero bytes are used to pad out the field. If
arg is longer than the specified length, the extra characters will be ignored. If count is *,
then all of the bytes in arg will be formatted. If count is omitted, then one character will be
formatted. For example,
binary format a7a*a alpha bravo charlie
will return a string equivalent to alpha\000\000bravoc,
binary format a* [encoding convertto utf-8 \u20ac]
will return a string equivalent to \342\202\254 (which is the UTF-8 byte sequence for a Euro-currency Eurocurrency
currency character) and
binary format a* [encoding convertto iso8859-15 \u20ac]
will return a string equivalent to \244 (which is the ISO 8859-15 byte sequence for a Euro-cur-rency Euro-currency
rency character). Contrast these last two with:
binary format a* \u20ac
which returns a string equivalent to \254 (i.e. \xac) by truncating the high-bits of the charac-ter, character,
ter, and which is probably not what is desired.
A This form is the same as a except that spaces are used for padding instead of nulls. For exam-ple, example,
ple,
binary format A6A*A alpha bravo charlie
will return alpha bravoc.
b Stores a string of count binary digits in low-to-high order within each byte in the output
string. Arg must contain a sequence of 1 and 0 characters. The resulting bytes are emitted in
first to last order with the bits being formatted in low-to-high order within each byte. If arg
has fewer than count digits, then zeros will be used for the remaining bits. If arg has more
than the specified number of digits, the extra digits will be ignored. If count is *, then all
of the digits in arg will be formatted. If count is omitted, then one digit will be formatted.
If the number of bits formatted does not end at a byte boundary, the remaining bits of the last
byte will be zeros. For example,
binary format b5b* 11100 111000011010
will return a string equivalent to \x07\x87\x05.
B This form is the same as b except that the bits are stored in high-to-low order within each
byte. For example,
binary format B5B* 11100 111000011010
will return a string equivalent to \xe0\xe1\xa0.
H Stores a string of count hexadecimal digits in high-to-low within each byte in the output
string. Arg must contain a sequence of characters in the set "0123456789abcdefABCDEF". The
resulting bytes are emitted in first to last order with the hex digits being formatted in high-to-low highto-low
to-low order within each byte. If arg has fewer than count digits, then zeros will be used for
the remaining digits. If arg has more than the specified number of digits, the extra digits
will be ignored. If count is *, then all of the digits in arg will be formatted. If count is
omitted, then one digit will be formatted. If the number of digits formatted does not end at a
byte boundary, the remaining bits of the last byte will be zeros. For example,
binary format H3H*H2 ab DEF 987
will return a string equivalent to \xab\x00\xde\xf0\x98.
h This form is the same as H except that the digits are stored in low-to-high order within each
byte. This is seldom required. For example,
binary format h3h*h2 AB def 987
will return a string equivalent to \xba\x00\xed\x0f\x89.
c Stores one or more 8-bit integer values in the output string. If no count is specified, then
arg must consist of an integer value. If count is specified, arg must consist of a list contain-ing containing
ing at least that many integers. The low-order 8 bits of each integer are stored as a one-byte
value at the cursor position. If count is *, then all of the integers in the list are format-ted. formatted.
ted. If the number of elements in the list is greater than count, then the extra elements are
ignored. For example,
binary format c3cc* {3 -3 128 1} 260 {2 5}
will return a string equivalent to \x03\xfd\x80\x04\x02\x05, whereas
binary format c {2 5}
will generate an error.
s This form is the same as c except that it stores one or more 16-bit integers in little-endian
byte order in the output string. The low-order 16-bits of each integer are stored as a two-byte
value at the cursor position with the least significant byte stored first. For example,
binary format s3 {3 -3 258 1}
will return a string equivalent to \x03\x00\xfd\xff\x02\x01.
S This form is the same as s except that it stores one or more 16-bit integers in big-endian byte
order in the output string. For example,
binary format S3 {3 -3 258 1}
will return a string equivalent to \x00\x03\xff\xfd\x01\x02.
t This form (mnemonically tiny) is the same as s and S except that it stores the 16-bit integers |
in the output string in the native byte order of the machine where the Tcl script is running. |
To determine what the native byte order of the machine is, refer to the byteOrder element of the |
tcl_platform array.
i This form is the same as c except that it stores one or more 32-bit integers in little-endian
byte order in the output string. The low-order 32-bits of each integer are stored as a four-byte fourbyte
byte value at the cursor position with the least significant byte stored first. For example,
binary format i3 {3 -3 65536 1}
will return a string equivalent to \x03\x00\x00\x00\xfd\xff\xff\xff\x00\x00\x01\x00
I This form is the same as i except that it stores one or more one or more 32-bit integers in big-endian bigendian
endian byte order in the output string. For example,
binary format I3 {3 -3 65536 1}
will return a string equivalent to \x00\x00\x00\x03\xff\xff\xff\xfd\x00\x01\x00\x00
n This form (mnemonically number or normal) is the same as i and I except that it stores the |
32-bit integers in the output string in the native byte order of the machine where the Tcl |
script is running. To determine what the native byte order of the machine is, refer to the |
byteOrder element of the tcl_platform array.
w This form is the same as c except that it stores one or more 64-bit integers in little-endian
byte order in the output string. The low-order 64-bits of each integer are stored as an eight-byte eightbyte
byte value at the cursor position with the least significant byte stored first. For example,
binary format w 7810179016327718216
will return the string HelloTcl
W This form is the same as w except that it stores one or more one or more 64-bit integers in big-endian bigendian
endian byte order in the output string. For example,
binary format Wc 4785469626960341345 110
will return the string BigEndian
m This form (mnemonically the mirror of w) is the same as w and W except that it stores the 64-bit |
integers in the output string in the native byte order of the machine where the Tcl script is |
running. To determine what the native byte order of the machine is, refer to the byteOrder ele- |
ment of the tcl_platform array.
f This form is the same as c except that it stores one or more one or more single-precision float-ing floating
ing point numbers in the machine's native representation in the output string. This representa-tion representation
tion is not portable across architectures, so it should not be used to communicate floating
point numbers across the network. The size of a floating point number may vary across architec-tures, architectures,
tures, so the number of bytes that are generated may vary. If the value overflows the machine's
native representation, then the value of FLT_MAX as defined by the system will be used instead.
Because Tcl uses double-precision floating point numbers internally, there may be some loss of
precision in the conversion to single-precision. For example, on a Windows system running on an
Intel Pentium processor,
binary format f2 {1.6 3.4}
will return a string equivalent to \xcd\xcc\xcc\x3f\x9a\x99\x59\x40.
r This form (mnemonically real) is the same as f except that it stores the single-precision float- |
ing point numbers in little-endian order. This conversion only produces meaningful output when |
used on machines which use the IEEE floating point representation (very common, but not univer- |
sal.)
R This form is the same as r except that it stores the single-precision floating point numbers in |
big-endian order.
d This form is the same as f except that it stores one or more one or more double-precision float-ing floating
ing point numbers in the machine's native representation in the output string. For example, on
a Windows system running on an Intel Pentium processor,
binary format d1 {1.6}
will return a string equivalent to \x9a\x99\x99\x99\x99\x99\xf9\x3f.
q This form (mnemonically the mirror of d) is the same as d except that it stores the double-pre- |
cision floating point numbers in little-endian order. This conversion only produces meaningful |
output when used on machines which use the IEEE floating point representation (very common, but |
not universal.)
Q This form is the same as q except that it stores the double-precision floating point numbers in |
big-endian order.
x Stores count null bytes in the output string. If count is not specified, stores one null byte.
If count is *, generates an error. This type does not consume an argument. For example,
binary format a3xa3x2a3 abc def ghi
will return a string equivalent to abc\000def\000\000ghi.
X Moves the cursor back count bytes in the output string. If count is * or is larger than the
current cursor position, then the cursor is positioned at location 0 so that the next byte
stored will be the first byte in the result string. If count is omitted then the cursor is
moved back one byte. This type does not consume an argument. For example,
binary format a3X*a3X2a3 abc def ghi
will return dghi.
@ Moves the cursor to the absolute location in the output string specified by count. Position 0
refers to the first byte in the output string. If count refers to a position beyond the last
byte stored so far, then null bytes will be placed in the uninitialized locations and the cursor
will be placed at the specified location. If count is *, then the cursor is moved to the cur-rent current
rent end of the output string. If count is omitted, then an error will be generated. This type
does not consume an argument. For example,
binary format a5@2a1@*a3@10a1 abcde f ghi j
will return abfdeghi\000\000j.
BINARY SCAN
The binary scan command parses fields from a binary string, returning the number of conversions per-formed. performed.
formed. String gives the input bytes to be parsed (one byte per character, and characters not repre-sentable representable
sentable as a byte have their high bits chopped) and formatString indicates how to parse it. Each
varName gives the name of a variable; when a field is scanned from string the result is assigned to
the corresponding variable.
As with binary format, the formatString consists of a sequence of zero or more field specifiers sepa-rated separated
rated by zero or more spaces. Each field specifier is a single type character followed by an
optional flag character followed by an optional numeric count. Most field specifiers consume one
argument to obtain the variable into which the scanned values should be placed. The type character
specifies how the binary data is to be interpreted. The count typically indicates how many items of
the specified type are taken from the data. If present, the count is a non-negative decimal integer
or *, which normally indicates that all of the remaining items in the data are to be used. If there
are not enough bytes left after the current cursor position to satisfy the current field specifier,
then the corresponding variable is left untouched and binary scan returns immediately with the number
of variables that were set. If there are not enough arguments for all of the fields in the format
string that consume arguments, then an error is generated. The flag character "u" may be given to
cause some types to be read as unsigned values. The flag is accepted for all field types but is
ignored for non-integer fields.
A similar example as with binary format should explain the relation between field specifiers and
arguments in case of the binary scan subcommand:
binary scan $bytes s3s first second
This command (provided the binary string in the variable bytes is long enough) assigns a list of
three integers to the variable first and assigns a single value to the variable second. If bytes
contains fewer than 8 bytes (i.e. four 2-byte integers), no assignment to second will be made, and if
bytes contains fewer than 6 bytes (i.e. three 2-byte integers), no assignment to first will be made.
Hence:
puts [binary scan abcdefg s3s first second]
puts $first
puts $second
will print (assuming neither variable is set previously):
1
25185 25699 26213
can't read "second": no such variable
It is important to note that the c, s, and S (and i and I on 64bit systems) will be scanned into long
data size values. In doing this, values that have their high bit set (0x80 for chars, 0x8000 for
shorts, 0x80000000 for ints), will be sign extended. Thus the following will occur:
set signShort [binary format s1 0x8000]
binary scan $signShort s1 val; # val == _xFFFF8___
If you require unsigned values you can include the "u" flag character following the field type. For
example, to read an unsigned short value:
set signShort [binary format s1 0x8000]
binary scan $signShort su1 val; # val == _x____8___
Each type-count pair moves an imaginary cursor through the binary data, reading bytes from the cur-rent current
rent position. The cursor is initially at position 0 at the beginning of the data. The type may be
any one of the following characters:
a The data is a byte string of length count. If count is *, then all of the remaining bytes in
string will be scanned into the variable. If count is omitted, then one byte will be scanned.
All bytes scanned will be interpreted as being characters in the range \u0000-\u00ff so the
encoding convertfrom command will be needed if the string is not a binary string or a string
encoded in ISO 8859-1. For example,
binary scan abcde\000fghi a6a10 var1 var2
will return 1 with the string equivalent to abcde\000 stored in var1 and var2 left unmodified,
and
binary scan \342\202\254 a* var1
set var2 [encoding convertfrom utf-8 $var1]
will store a Euro-currency character in var2.
A This form is the same as a, except trailing blanks and nulls are stripped from the scanned value
before it is stored in the variable. For example,
binary scan "abc efghi \000" A* var1
will return 1 with abc efghi stored in var1.
b The data is turned into a string of count binary digits in low-to-high order represented as a
sequence of "1" and "0" characters. The data bytes are scanned in first to last order with the
bits being taken in low-to-high order within each byte. Any extra bits in the last byte are
ignored. If count is *, then all of the remaining bits in string will be scanned. If count is
omitted, then one bit will be scanned. For example,
binary scan \x07\x87\x05 b5b* var1 var2
will return 2 with 11100 stored in var1 and 1110000110100000 stored in var2.
B This form is the same as b, except the bits are taken in high-to-low order within each byte.
For example,
binary scan \x70\x87\x05 B5B* var1 var2
will return 2 with 01110 stored in var1 and 1000011100000101 stored in var2.
H The data is turned into a string of count hexadecimal digits in high-to-low order represented as
a sequence of characters in the set "0123456789abcdef". The data bytes are scanned in first to
last order with the hex digits being taken in high-to-low order within each byte. Any extra bits
in the last byte are ignored. If count is *, then all of the remaining hex digits in string will
be scanned. If count is omitted, then one hex digit will be scanned. For example,
binary scan \x07\xC6\x05\x1f\x34 H3H* var1 var2
will return 2 with 07c stored in var1 and 051f34 stored in var2.
h This form is the same as H, except the digits are taken in reverse (low-to-high) order within
each byte. For example,
binary scan \x07\x86\x05\x12\x34 h3h* var1 var2
will return 2 with 706 stored in var1 and 502143 stored in var2.
Note that most code that wishes to parse the hexadecimal digits from multiple bytes in order should
use the H format.
c The data is turned into count 8-bit signed integers and stored in the corresponding variable as
a list. If count is *, then all of the remaining bytes in string will be scanned. If count is
omitted, then one 8-bit integer will be scanned. For example,
binary scan \x07\x86\x05 c2c* var1 var2
will return 2 with 7 -122 stored in var1 and 5 stored in var2. Note that the integers returned
are signed, but they can be converted to unsigned 8-bit quantities using an expression like:
set num [expr { $num & 0xff }]
s The data is interpreted as count 16-bit signed integers represented in little-endian byte order.
The integers are stored in the corresponding variable as a list. If count is *, then all of the
remaining bytes in string will be scanned. If count is omitted, then one 16-bit integer will be
scanned. For example,
binary scan \x05\x00\x07\x00\xf0\xff s2s* var1 var2
will return 2 with 5 7 stored in var1 and -16 stored in var2. Note that the integers returned
are signed, but they can be converted to unsigned 16-bit quantities using an expression like:
set num [expr { $num & 0xffff }]
S This form is the same as s except that the data is interpreted as count 16-bit signed integers
represented in big-endian byte order. For example,
binary scan \x00\x05\x00\x07\xff\xf0 S2S* var1 var2
will return 2 with 5 7 stored in var1 and -16 stored in var2.
t The data is interpreted as count 16-bit signed integers represented in the native byte order of |
the machine running the Tcl script. It is otherwise identical to s and S. To determine what |
the native byte order of the machine is, refer to the byteOrder element of the tcl_platform |
array.
i The data is interpreted as count 32-bit signed integers represented in little-endian byte order.
The integers are stored in the corresponding variable as a list. If count is *, then all of the
remaining bytes in string will be scanned. If count is omitted, then one 32-bit integer will be
scanned. For example,
set str \x05\x00\x00\x00\x07\x00\x00\x00\xf0\xff\xff\xff
binary scan $str i2i* var1 var2
will return 2 with 5 7 stored in var1 and -16 stored in var2. Note that the integers returned
are signed, but they can be converted to unsigned 32-bit quantities using an expression like:
set num [expr { $num & 0xffffffff }]
I This form is the same as I except that the data is interpreted as count 32-bit signed integers
represented in big-endian byte order. For example,
set str \x00\x00\x00\x05\x00\x00\x00\x07\xff\xff\xff\xf0
binary scan $str I2I* var1 var2
will return 2 with 5 7 stored in var1 and -16 stored in var2.
n The data is interpreted as count 32-bit signed integers represented in the native byte order of |
the machine running the Tcl script. It is otherwise identical to i and I. To determine what |
the native byte order of the machine is, refer to the byteOrder element of the tcl_platform |
array.
w The data is interpreted as count 64-bit signed integers represented in little-endian byte order.
The integers are stored in the corresponding variable as a list. If count is *, then all of the
remaining bytes in string will be scanned. If count is omitted, then one 64-bit integer will be
scanned. For example,
set str \x05\x00\x00\x00\x07\x00\x00\x00\xf0\xff\xff\xff
binary scan $str wi* var1 var2
will return 2 with 30064771077 stored in var1 and -16 stored in var2. Note that the integers
returned are signed and cannot be represented by Tcl as unsigned values.
W This form is the same as w except that the data is interpreted as count 64-bit signed integers
represented in big-endian byte order. For example,
set str \x00\x00\x00\x05\x00\x00\x00\x07\xff\xff\xff\xf0
binary scan $str WI* var1 var2
will return 2 with 21474836487 stored in var1 and -16 stored in var2.
m The data is interpreted as count 64-bit signed integers represented in the native byte order of |
the machine running the Tcl script. It is otherwise identical to w and W. To determine what |
the native byte order of the machine is, refer to the byteOrder element of the tcl_platform |
array.
f The data is interpreted as count single-precision floating point numbers in the machine's native
representation. The floating point numbers are stored in the corresponding variable as a list.
If count is *, then all of the remaining bytes in string will be scanned. If count is omitted,
then one single-precision floating point number will be scanned. The size of a floating point
number may vary across architectures, so the number of bytes that are scanned may vary. If the
data does not represent a valid floating point number, the resulting value is undefined and com-piler compiler
piler dependent. For example, on a Windows system running on an Intel Pentium processor,
binary scan \x3f\xcc\xcc\xcd f var1
will return 1 with 1.6000000238418579 stored in var1.
r This form is the same as f except that the data is interpreted as count single-precision float- |
ing point number in little-endian order. This conversion is not portable to the minority of |
systems not using IEEE floating point representations.
R This form is the same as f except that the data is interpreted as count single-precision float- |
ing point number in big-endian order. This conversion is not portable to the minority of sys- |
tems not using IEEE floating point representations.
d This form is the same as f except that the data is interpreted as count double-precision float-ing floating
ing point numbers in the machine's native representation. For example, on a Windows system run-ning running
ning on an Intel Pentium processor,
binary scan \x9a\x99\x99\x99\x99\x99\xf9\x3f d var1
will return 1 with 1.6000000000000001 stored in var1.
q This form is the same as d except that the data is interpreted as count double-precision float- |
ing point number in little-endian order. This conversion is not portable to the minority of |
systems not using IEEE floating point representations.
Q This form is the same as d except that the data is interpreted as count double-precision float- |
ing point number in big-endian order. This conversion is not portable to the minority of sys- |
tems not using IEEE floating point representations.
x Moves the cursor forward count bytes in string. If count is * or is larger than the number of
bytes after the current cursor position, then the cursor is positioned after the last byte in
string. If count is omitted, then the cursor is moved forward one byte. Note that this type
does not consume an argument. For example,
binary scan \x01\x02\x03\x04 x2H* var1
will return 1 with 0304 stored in var1.
X Moves the cursor back count bytes in string. If count is * or is larger than the current cursor
position, then the cursor is positioned at location 0 so that the next byte scanned will be the
first byte in string. If count is omitted then the cursor is moved back one byte. Note that
this type does not consume an argument. For example,
binary scan \x01\x02\x03\x04 c2XH* var1 var2
will return 2 with 1 2 stored in var1 and 020304 stored in var2.
@ Moves the cursor to the absolute location in the data string specified by count. Note that
position 0 refers to the first byte in string. If count refers to a position beyond the end of
string, then the cursor is positioned after the last byte. If count is omitted, then an error
will be generated. For example,
binary scan \x01\x02\x03\x04 c2@1H* var1 var2
will return 2 with 1 2 stored in var1 and 020304 stored in var2.
PORTABILITY ISSUES
The r, R, q and Q conversions will only work reliably for transferring data between computers which
are all using IEEE floating point representations. This is very common, but not universal. To
transfer floating-point numbers portably between all architectures, use their textual representation
(as produced by format) instead.
EXAMPLES
This is a procedure to write a Tcl string to a binary-encoded channel as UTF-8 data preceded by a
length word:
proc writeString {channel string} {
set data [encoding convertto utf-8 $string]
puts -nonewline [binary format Ia* \
[string length $data] $data]
}
This procedure reads a string from a channel that was written by the previously presented writeString
procedure:
proc readString {channel} {
if {![binary scan [read $channel 4] I length]} {
error "missing length"
}
set data [read $channel $length]
return [encoding convertfrom utf-8 $data]
}
SEE ALSO
format(n), scan(n), tclvars(n)
KEYWORDS
binary, format, scan
Tcl 8.0 binary(n)
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