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class(n) [incr Tcl] class(n)
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
NAME
class - create a class of objects
SYNOPSIS
itcl::class className {
inherit baseClass ?baseClass...?
constructor args ?init? body
destructor body
method name ?args? ?body?
proc name ?args? ?body?
variable varName ?init? ?config?
common varName ?init?
public command ?arg arg ...?
protected command ?arg arg ...?
private command ?arg arg ...?
set varName ?value?
array option ?arg arg ...?
}
className objName ?arg arg ...?
objName method ?arg arg ...?
className::proc ?arg arg ...?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
DESCRIPTION
The fundamental construct in [incr Tcl] is the class definition. Each class acts as a template for
actual objects that can be created. The class itself is a namespace which contains things common to
all objects. Each object has its own unique bundle of data which contains instances of the "vari-ables" "variables"
ables" defined in the class definition. Each object also has a built-in variable named "this", which
contains the name of the object. Classes can also have "common" data members that are shared by all
objects in a class.
Two types of functions can be included in the class definition. "Methods" are functions which oper-ate operate
ate on a specific object, and therefore have access to both "variables" and "common" data members.
"Procs" are ordinary procedures in the class namespace, and only have access to "common" data mem-bers. members.
bers.
If the body of any method or proc starts with "@", it is treated as the symbolic name for a C proce-dure. procedure.
dure. Otherwise, it is treated as a Tcl code script. See below for details on registering and using
C procedures.
A class can only be defined once, although the bodies of class methods and procs can be defined again
and again for interactive debugging. See the body and configbody commands for details.
Each namespace can have its own collection of objects and classes. The list of classes available in
the current context can be queried using the "itcl::find classes" command, and the list of objects,
with the "itcl::find objects" command.
A class can be deleted using the "delete class" command. Individual objects can be deleted using the
"delete object" command.
CLASS DEFINITIONS
class className definition
Provides the definition for a class named className. If the class className already exists,
or if a command called className exists in the current namespace context, this command returns
an error. If the class definition is successfully parsed, className becomes a command in the
current context, handling the creation of objects for this class.
The class definition is evaluated as a series of Tcl statements that define elements within the
class. The following class definition commands are recognized:
inherit baseClass ?baseClass...?
Causes the current class to inherit characteristics from one or more base classes.
Classes must have been defined by a previous class command, or must be available to the
auto-loading facility (see "AUTO-LOADING" below). A single class definition can con-tain contain
tain no more than one inherit command.
The order of baseClass names in the inherit list affects the name resolution for class
members. When the same member name appears in two or more base classes, the base class
that appears first in the inherit list takes precedence. For example, if classes "Foo"
and "Bar" both contain the member "x", and if another class has the "inherit" state-ment: statement:
ment:
inherit Foo Bar
then the name "x" means "Foo::x". Other inherited members named "x" must be referenced with
their explicit name, like "Bar::x".
constructor args ?init? body
Declares the args argument list and body used for the constructor, which is automati-cally automatically
cally invoked whenever an object is created.
Before the body is executed, the optional init statement is used to invoke any base
class constructors that require arguments. Variables in the args specification can be
accessed in the init code fragment, and passed to base class constructors. After eval-uating evaluating
uating the init statement, any base class constructors that have not been executed are
invoked automatically without arguments. This ensures that all base classes are fully
constructed before the constructor body is executed. By default, this scheme causes
constructors to be invoked in order from least- to most-specific. This is exactly the
opposite of the order that classes are reported by the info heritage command.
If construction is successful, the constructor always returns the object name-regard-less name-regardless
less of how the body is defined-and the object name becomes a command in the current
namespace context. If construction fails, an error message is returned.
destructor body
Declares the body used for the destructor, which is automatically invoked when an
object is deleted. If the destructor is successful, the object data is destroyed and
the object name is removed as a command from the interpreter. If destruction fails, an
error message is returned and the object remains.
When an object is destroyed, all destructors in its class hierarchy are invoked in
order from most- to least-specific. This is the order that the classes are reported by
the "info heritage" command, and it is exactly the opposite of the default constructor
order.
method name ?args? ?body?
Declares a method called name. When the method body is executed, it will have auto-matic automatic
matic access to object-specific variables and common data members.
If the args list is specified, it establishes the usage information for this method.
The body command can be used to redefine the method body, but the args list must match
this specification.
Within the body of another class method, a method can be invoked like any other com-mand-simply command-simply
mand-simply by using its name. Outside of the class context, the method name must be
prefaced an object name, which provides the context for the data that it manipulates.
Methods in a base class that are redefined in the current class, or hidden by another
base class, can be qualified using the "className::method" syntax.
proc name ?args? ?body?
Declares a proc called name. A proc is an ordinary procedure within the class names-pace. namespace.
pace. Unlike a method, a proc is invoked without referring to a specific object. When
the proc body is executed, it will have automatic access only to common data members.
If the args list is specified, it establishes the usage information for this proc. The
body command can be used to redefine the proc body, but the args list must match this
specification.
Within the body of another class method or proc, a proc can be invoked like any other
command-simply by using its name. In any other namespace context, the proc is invoked
using a qualified name like "className::proc". Procs in a base class that are rede-fined redefined
fined in the current class, or hidden by another base class, can also be accessed via
their qualified name.
variable varName ?init? ?config?
Defines an object-specific variable named varName. All object-specific variables are
automatically available in class methods. They need not be declared with anything like
the global command.
If the optional init string is specified, it is used as the initial value of the vari-able variable
able when a new object is created. Initialization forces the variable to be a simple
scalar value; uninitialized variables, on the other hand, can be set within the con-structor constructor
structor and used as arrays.
The optional config script is only allowed for public variables. If specified, this
code fragment is executed whenever a public variable is modified by the built-in "con-figure" "configure"
figure" method. The config script can also be specified outside of the class defini-tion definition
tion using the configbody command.
common varName ?init?
Declares a common variable named varName. Common variables reside in the class names-pace namespace
pace and are shared by all objects belonging to the class. They are just like global
variables, except that they need not be declared with the usual global command. They
are automatically visible in all class methods and procs.
If the optional init string is specified, it is used as the initial value of the vari-able. variable.
able. Initialization forces the variable to be a simple scalar value; uninitialized
variables, on the other hand, can be set with subsequent set and array commands and
used as arrays.
Once a common data member has been defined, it can be set using set and array commands
within the class definition. This allows common data members to be initialized as
arrays. For example:
itcl::class Foo {
common boolean
set boolean(true) 1
set boolean(false) 0
}
Note that if common data members are initialized within the constructor, they get initialized
again and again whenever new objects are created.
public command ?arg arg ...?
protected command ?arg arg ...?
private command ?arg arg ...?
These commands are used to set the protection level for class members that are created
when command is evaluated. The command is usually method, proc, variable orcommon, and
the remaining arg's complete the member definition. However, command can also be a
script containing many different member definitions, and the protection level will
apply to all of the members that are created.
CLASS USAGE
Once a class has been defined, the class name can be used as a command to create new objects belong-ing belonging
ing to the class.
className objName ?args...?
Creates a new object in class className with the name objName. Remaining arguments are passed
to the constructor of the most-specific class. This in turn passes arguments to base class
constructors before invoking its own body of commands. If construction is successful, a com-mand command
mand called objName is created in the current namespace context, and objName is returned as
the result of this operation. If an error is encountered during construction, the destructors
are automatically invoked to free any resources that have been allocated, the object is
deleted, and an error is returned.
If objName contains the string "#auto", that string is replaced with an automatically gener-ated generated
ated name. Names have the form className<number>, where the className part is modified to
start with a lowercase letter. In class "Toaster", for example, the "#auto" specification
would produce names like toaster0, toaster1, etc. Note that "#auto" can be also be buried
within an object name:
fileselectiondialog .foo.bar.#auto -background red
This would generate an object named ".foo.bar.fileselectiondialog0".
OBJECT USAGE
Once an object has been created, the object name can be used as a command to invoke methods that
operate on the object.
objName method ?args...?
Invokes a method named method on an object named objName. Remaining arguments are passed to
the argument list for the method. The method name can be "constructor", "destructor", any
method name appearing in the class definition, or any of the following built-in methods.
BUILT-IN METHODS
objName cget option
Provides access to public variables as configuration options. This mimics the behavior of the
usual "cget" operation for Tk widgets. The option argument is a string of the form "-var-Name", "-varName",
Name", and this method returns the current value of the public variable varName.
objName configure ?option? ?value option value ...?
Provides access to public variables as configuration options. This mimics the behavior of the
usual "configure" operation for Tk widgets. With no arguments, this method returns a list of
lists describing all of the public variables. Each list has three elements: the variable
name, its initial value and its current value.
If a single option of the form "-varName" is specified, then this method returns the informa-tion information
tion for that one variable.
Otherwise, the arguments are treated as option/value pairs assigning new values to public
variables. Each variable is assigned its new value, and if it has any "config" code associ-ated associated
ated with it, it is executed in the context of the class where it was defined. If the "con-fig" "config"
fig" code generates an error, the variable is set back to its previous value, and the config-ure configure
ure method returns an error.
objName isa className
Returns non-zero if the given className can be found in the object's heritage, and zero other-wise. otherwise.
wise.
objName info option ?args...?
Returns information related to a particular object named objName, or to its class definition.
The option parameter includes the following things, as well as the options recognized by the
usual Tcl "info" command:
objName info class
Returns the name of the most-specific class for object objName.
objName info inherit
Returns the list of base classes as they were defined in the "inherit" command, or an
empty string if this class has no base classes.
objName info heritage
Returns the current class name and the entire list of base classes in the order that
they are traversed for member lookup and object destruction.
objName info function ?cmdName? ?-protection? ?-type? ?-name? ?-args? ?-body?
With no arguments, this command returns a list of all class methods and procs. If cmd-Name cmdName
Name is specified, it returns information for a specific method or proc. If no flags
are specified, this command returns a list with the following elements: the protection
level, the type (method/proc), the qualified name, the argument list and the body.
Flags can be used to request specific elements from this list.
objName info variable ?varName? ?-protection? ?-type? ?-name? ?-init? ?-value? ?-config?
With no arguments, this command returns a list of all object-specific variables and
common data members. If varName is specified, it returns information for a specific
data member. If no flags are specified, this command returns a list with the following
elements: the protection level, the type (variable/common), the qualified name, the
initial value, and the current value. If varName is a public variable, the "config"
code is included on this list. Flags can be used to request specific elements from
this list.
CHAINING METHODS/PROCS
Sometimes a base class has a method or proc that is redefined with the same name in a derived class.
This is a way of making the derived class handle the same operations as the base class, but with its
own specialized behavior. For example, suppose we have a Toaster class that looks like this:
itcl::class Toaster {
variable crumbs 0
method toast {nslices} {
if {$crumbs > 50} {
error "== FIRE! FIRE! =="
}
set crumbs [expr $crumbs+4*$nslices]
}
method clean {} {
set crumbs 0
}
}
We might create another class like SmartToaster that redefines the "toast" method. If we want to
access the base class method, we can qualify it with the base class name, to avoid ambiguity:
itcl::class SmartToaster {
inherit Toaster
method toast {nslices} {
if {$crumbs > 40} {
clean
}
return [Toaster::toast $nslices]
}
}
Instead of hard-coding the base class name, we can use the "chain" command like this:
itcl::class SmartToaster {
inherit Toaster
method toast {nslices} {
if {$crumbs > 40} {
clean
}
return [chain $nslices]
}
}
The chain command searches through the class hierarchy for a slightly more generic (base class)
implementation of a method or proc, and invokes it with the specified arguments. It starts at the
current class context and searches through base classes in the order that they are reported by the
"info heritage" command. If another implementation is not found, this command does nothing and
returns the null string.
AUTO-LOADING
Class definitions need not be loaded explicitly; they can be loaded as needed by the usual Tcl auto-loading autoloading
loading facility. Each directory containing class definition files should have an accompanying
"tclIndex" file. Each line in this file identifies a Tcl procedure or [incr Tcl] class definition
and the file where the definition can be found.
For example, suppose a directory contains the definitions for classes "Toaster" and "SmartToaster".
Then the "tclIndex" file for this directory would look like:
# Tcl autoload index file, version 2.0 for [incr Tcl]
# This file is generated by the "auto_mkindex" command
# and sourced to set up indexing information for one or
# more commands. Typically each line is a command that
# sets an element in the auto_index array, where the
# element name is the name of a command and the value is
# a script that loads the command.
set auto_index(::Toaster) "source $dir/Toaster.itcl"
set auto_index(::SmartToaster) "source $dir/SmartToaster.itcl"
The auto_mkindex command is used to automatically
generate "tclIndex" files.
The auto-loader must be made aware of this directory by appending the directory name to the
"auto_path" variable. When this is in place, classes will be auto-loaded as needed when used in an
application.
C PROCEDURES
C procedures can be integrated into an [incr Tcl] class definition to implement methods, procs, and
the "config" code for public variables. Any body that starts with "@" is treated as the symbolic
name for a C procedure.
Symbolic names are established by registering procedures via Itcl_RegisterC(). This is usually done
in the Tcl_AppInit() procedure, which is automatically called when the interpreter starts up. In the
following example, the procedure My_FooCmd() is registered with the symbolic name "foo". This proce-dure procedure
dure can be referenced in the body command as "@foo".
int
Tcl_AppInit(interp)
Tcl_Interp *interp; /* Interpreter for application. */
{
if (Itcl_Init(interp) == TCL_ERROR) {
return TCL_ERROR;
}
if (Itcl_RegisterC(interp, "foo", My_FooCmd) != TCL_OK) {
return TCL_ERROR;
}
}
C procedures are implemented just like ordinary Tcl commands. See the CrtCommand man page for
details. Within the procedure, class data members can be accessed like ordinary variables using
Tcl_SetVar(), Tcl_GetVar(), Tcl_TraceVar(), etc. Class methods and procs can be executed like ordi-nary ordinary
nary commands using Tcl_Eval(). [incr Tcl] makes this possible by automatically setting up the con-text context
text before executing the C procedure.
This scheme provides a natural migration path for code development. Classes can be developed quickly
using Tcl code to implement the bodies. An entire application can be built and tested. When neces-sary, necessary,
sary, individual bodies can be implemented with C code to improve performance.
KEYWORDS
class, object, object-oriented
itcl class(n)
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