std::basic_ifstream

#include <fstream>
#include <iostream>
#include <string>

int main()
{
    std::string filename = "Test.b";
    
    // prepare a file to read
    double d = 3.14;
    std::ofstream(filename, std::ios::binary)
        .write(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&d), sizeof d) << 123 << "abc";
    
    // open file for reading
    std::ifstream istrm(filename, std::ios::binary);
    if (!istrm.is_open())
        std::cout << "failed to open " << filename << '\n';
    else
    {
        double d;
        istrm.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&d), sizeof d); // binary input
        int n;
        std::string s;
        if (istrm >> n >> s)                               // text input
            std::cout << "read back from file: " << d << ' ' << n << ' ' << s << '\n';
    }
}

Вывод:

read back from file: 3.14 123 abc