MySQL 5.6 Reference Manual

Table of Contents

Preface and Legal Notices

1. General Information

1.1. About This Manual

1.2. Typographical and Syntax Conventions

1.3. Overview of the MySQL Database Management System

1.3.1. What is MySQL?

1.3.2. The Main Features of MySQL

1.3.3. History of MySQL

1.4. What Is New in MySQL 5.6

1.5. MySQL Development History

1.6. MySQL Information Sources

1.6.1. MySQL Mailing Lists

1.6.2. MySQL Community Support at the MySQL Forums

1.6.3. MySQL Community Support on Internet Relay Chat (IRC)

1.6.4. MySQL Enterprise

1.7. How to Report Bugs or Problems

1.8. MySQL Standards Compliance

1.8.1. What Standards MySQL Follows

1.8.2. Selecting SQL Modes

1.8.3. Running MySQL in ANSI Mode

1.8.4. MySQL Extensions to Standard SQL

1.8.5. MySQL Differences from Standard SQL

1.8.6. How MySQL Deals with Constraints

1.9. Credits

1.9.1. Contributors to MySQL

1.9.2. Documenters and translators

1.9.3. Packages that support MySQL

1.9.4. Tools that were used to create MySQL

1.9.5. Supporters of MySQL

2. Installing and Upgrading MySQL

2.1. General Installation Guidance

2.1.1. Operating Systems Supported by MySQL Community Server

2.1.2. Choosing Which MySQL Distribution to Install

2.1.3. How to Get MySQL

2.1.4. Verifying Package Integrity Using MD5 Checksums or GnuPG

2.1.5. Installation Layouts

2.1.6. Compiler-Specific Build Characteristics

2.2. Installing MySQL on Unix/Linux Using Generic Binaries

2.3. Installing MySQL on Microsoft Windows

2.3.1. MySQL Installation Layout on Microsoft Windows

2.3.2. Choosing An Installation Package

2.3.3. Installing MySQL on Microsoft Windows Using MySQL Installer

2.3.4. MySQL Notifier for Microsoft Windows

2.3.5. Installing MySQL on Microsoft Windows Using a noinstall Zip Archive

2.3.6. Troubleshooting a Microsoft Windows MySQL Server Installation

2.3.7. Upgrading MySQL on Windows

2.3.8. Windows Postinstallation Procedures

2.4. Installing MySQL on Mac OS X

2.4.1. General Notes on Installing MySQL on Mac OS X

2.4.2. Installing MySQL on Mac OS X Using Native Packages

2.4.3. Installing the MySQL Startup Item

2.4.4. Installing and Using the MySQL Preference Pane

2.4.5. Using the Bundled MySQL on Mac OS X Server

2.5. Installing MySQL on Linux

2.5.1. Installing MySQL on Linux Using RPM Packages

2.5.2. Installing MySQL on Linux Using Debian Packages

2.5.3. Installing MySQL on Linux Using Native Package Managers

2.6. Installing MySQL on Solaris and OpenSolaris

2.6.1. Installing MySQL on Solaris Using a Solaris PKG

2.6.2. Installing MySQL on OpenSolaris Using IPS

2.7. Installing MySQL on HP-UX

2.7.1. General Notes on Installing MySQL on HP-UX

2.7.2. Installing MySQL on HP-UX Using DEPOT Packages

2.8. Installing MySQL on FreeBSD

2.9. Installing MySQL from Source

2.9.1. MySQL Layout for Source Installation

2.9.2. Installing MySQL Using a Standard Source Distribution

2.9.3. Installing MySQL Using a Development Source Tree

2.9.4. MySQL Source-Configuration Options

2.9.5. Dealing with Problems Compiling MySQL

2.9.6. MySQL Configuration and Third-Party Tools

2.10. Postinstallation Setup and Testing

2.10.1. Unix Postinstallation Procedures

2.10.2. Securing the Initial MySQL Accounts

2.11. Upgrading or Downgrading MySQL

2.11.1. Upgrading MySQL

2.11.2. Downgrading MySQL

2.11.3. Checking Whether Tables or Indexes Must Be Rebuilt

2.11.4. Rebuilding or Repairing Tables or Indexes

2.11.5. Copying MySQL Databases to Another Machine

2.12. Environment Variables

2.13. Perl Installation Notes

2.13.1. Installing Perl on Unix

2.13.2. Installing ActiveState Perl on Windows

2.13.3. Problems Using the Perl DBI/DBD Interface

3. Tutorial

3.1. Connecting to and Disconnecting from the Server

3.2. Entering Queries

3.3. Creating and Using a Database

3.3.1. Creating and Selecting a Database

3.3.2. Creating a Table

3.3.3. Loading Data into a Table

3.3.4. Retrieving Information from a Table

3.4. Getting Information About Databases and Tables

3.5. Using mysql in Batch Mode

3.6. Examples of Common Queries

3.6.1. The Maximum Value for a Column

3.6.2. The Row Holding the Maximum of a Certain Column

3.6.3. Maximum of Column per Group

3.6.4. The Rows Holding the Group-wise Maximum of a Certain Column

3.6.5. Using User-Defined Variables

3.6.6. Using Foreign Keys

3.6.7. Searching on Two Keys

3.6.8. Calculating Visits Per Day

3.6.9. Using AUTO_INCREMENT

3.7. Using MySQL with Apache

4. MySQL Programs

4.1. Overview of MySQL Programs

4.2. Using MySQL Programs

4.2.1. Invoking MySQL Programs

4.2.2. Connecting to the MySQL Server

4.2.3. Specifying Program Options

4.2.4. Setting Environment Variables

4.3. MySQL Server and Server-Startup Programs

4.3.1. mysqld — The MySQL Server

4.3.2. mysqld_safe — MySQL Server Startup Script

4.3.3. mysql.server — MySQL Server Startup Script

4.3.4. mysqld_multi — Manage Multiple MySQL Servers

4.4. MySQL Installation-Related Programs

4.4.1. comp_err — Compile MySQL Error Message File

4.4.2. mysqlbug — Generate Bug Report

4.4.3. mysql_install_db — Initialize MySQL Data Directory

4.4.4. mysql_plugin — Configure MySQL Server Plugins

4.4.5. mysql_secure_installation — Improve MySQL Installation Security

4.4.6. mysql_tzinfo_to_sql — Load the Time Zone Tables

4.4.7. mysql_upgrade — Check and Upgrade MySQL Tables

4.5. MySQL Client Programs

4.5.1. mysql — The MySQL Command-Line Tool

4.5.2. mysqladmin — Client for Administering a MySQL Server

4.5.3. mysqlcheck — A Table Maintenance Program

4.5.4. mysqldump — A Database Backup Program

4.5.5. mysqlimport — A Data Import Program

4.5.6. mysqlshow — Display Database, Table, and Column Information

4.5.7. mysqlslap — Load Emulation Client

4.6. MySQL Administrative and Utility Programs

4.6.1. innochecksum — Offline InnoDB File Checksum Utility

4.6.2. myisam_ftdump — Display Full-Text Index information

4.6.3. myisamchk — MyISAM Table-Maintenance Utility

4.6.4. myisamlog — Display MyISAM Log File Contents

4.6.5. myisampack — Generate Compressed, Read-Only MyISAM Tables

4.6.6. mysql_config_editor — MySQL Configuration Utility

4.6.7. mysqlaccess — Client for Checking Access Privileges

4.6.8. mysqlbinlog — Utility for Processing Binary Log Files

4.6.9. mysqldumpslow — Summarize Slow Query Log Files

4.6.10. mysqlhotcopy — A Database Backup Program

4.6.11. mysql_convert_table_format — Convert Tables to Use a Given StorageEngine

4.6.12. mysql_find_rows — Extract SQL Statements from Files

4.6.13. mysql_fix_extensions — Normalize Table File Name Extensions

4.6.14. mysql_setpermission — Interactively Set Permissions in GrantTables

4.6.15. mysql_waitpid — Kill Process and Wait for Its Termination

4.6.16. mysql_zap — Kill Processes That Match a Pattern

4.7. MySQL Program Development Utilities

4.7.1. msql2mysql — Convert mSQL Programs for Use with MySQL

4.7.2. mysql_config — Display Options for Compiling Clients

4.7.3. my_print_defaults — Display Options from Option Files

4.7.4. resolve_stack_dump — Resolve Numeric Stack Trace Dump to Symbols

4.8. Miscellaneous Programs

4.8.1. perror — Explain Error Codes

4.8.2. replace — A String-Replacement Utility

4.8.3. resolveip — Resolve Host name to IP Address or ViceVersa

5. MySQL Server Administration

5.1. The MySQL Server

5.1.1. Server Option and Variable Reference

5.1.2. Server Configuration Defaults

5.1.3. Server Command Options

5.1.4. Server System Variables

5.1.5. Using System Variables

5.1.6. Server Status Variables

5.1.7. Server SQL Modes

5.1.8. Server Plugins

5.1.9. IPv6 Support

5.1.10. Server-Side Help

5.1.11. Server Response to Signals

5.1.12. The Shutdown Process

5.2. MySQL Server Logs

5.2.1. Selecting General Query and Slow Query Log Output Destinations

5.2.2. The Error Log

5.2.3. The General Query Log

5.2.4. The Binary Log

5.2.5. The Slow Query Log

5.2.6. Server Log Maintenance

5.3. Managing Disk I/O and File Space for InnoDB Tables

5.3.1. InnoDB Disk I/O

5.3.2. File Space Management

5.3.3. InnoDB Checkpoints

5.3.4. Defragmenting a Table

5.4. Creating and Using InnoDB Tables and Indexes

5.4.1. Managing InnoDB Tablespaces

5.4.2. Grouping DML Operations with Transactions

5.4.3. Converting Tables from MyISAM to InnoDB

5.4.4. AUTO_INCREMENT Handling in InnoDB

5.4.5. InnoDB and FOREIGN KEY Constraints

5.4.6. Working with InnoDB Compressed Tables

5.4.7. InnoDB File-Format Management

5.4.8. How InnoDB Stores Variable-Length Columns

5.5. Online DDL for InnoDB Tables

5.5.1. Overview of Online DDL

5.5.2. Performance and Concurrency Considerations for Online DDL

5.5.3. SQL Syntax for Online DDL

5.5.4. Combining or Separating DDL Statements

5.5.5. Examples of Online DDL

5.5.6. Implementation Details of Online DDL

5.5.7. How Crash Recovery Works with Online DDL

5.5.8. DDL for Partitioned Tables

5.5.9. Limitations of Online DDL

5.6. Running Multiple MySQL Instances on One Machine

5.6.1. Setting Up Multiple Data Directories

5.6.2. Running Multiple MySQL Instances on Windows

5.6.3. Running Multiple MySQL Instances on Unix

5.6.4. Using Client Programs in a Multiple-Server Environment

5.7. Tracing mysqld Using DTrace

5.7.1. mysqld DTrace Probe Reference

6. Security

6.1. General Security Issues

6.1.1. Security Guidelines

6.1.2. Keeping Passwords Secure

6.1.3. Making MySQL Secure Against Attackers

6.1.4. Security-Related mysqld Options and Variables

6.1.5. How to Run MySQL as a Normal User

6.1.6. Security Issues with LOAD DATA LOCAL

6.1.7. Client Programming Security Guidelines

6.2. The MySQL Access Privilege System

6.2.1. Privileges Provided by MySQL

6.2.2. Privilege System Grant Tables

6.2.3. Specifying Account Names

6.2.4. Access Control, Stage 1: Connection Verification

6.2.5. Access Control, Stage 2: Request Verification

6.2.6. When Privilege Changes Take Effect

6.2.7. Causes of Access-Denied Errors

6.3. MySQL User Account Management

6.3.1. User Names and Passwords

6.3.2. Adding User Accounts

6.3.3. Removing User Accounts

6.3.4. Setting Account Resource Limits

6.3.5. Assigning Account Passwords

6.3.6. Password Expiration and Sandbox Mode

6.3.7. Pluggable Authentication

6.3.8. Proxy Users

6.3.9. Using SSL for Secure Connections

6.3.10. Connecting to MySQL Remotely from Windows with SSH

6.3.11. MySQL Enterprise Audit Log Plugin

6.3.12. SQL-Based MySQL Account Activity Auditing

7. Backup and Recovery

7.1. Backup and Recovery Types

7.2. Database Backup Methods

7.3. Example Backup and Recovery Strategy

7.3.1. Establishing a Backup Policy

7.3.2. Using Backups for Recovery

7.3.3. Backup Strategy Summary

7.4. Using mysqldump for Backups

7.4.1. Dumping Data in SQL Format with mysqldump

7.4.2. Reloading SQL-Format Backups

7.4.3. Dumping Data in Delimited-Text Format with mysqldump

7.4.4. Reloading Delimited-Text Format Backups

7.4.5. mysqldump Tips

7.5. Point-in-Time (Incremental) Recovery Using the Binary Log

7.5.1. Point-in-Time Recovery Using Event Times

7.5.2. Point-in-Time Recovery Using Event Positions

7.6. MyISAM Table Maintenance and Crash Recovery

7.6.1. Using myisamchk for Crash Recovery

7.6.2. How to Check MyISAM Tables for Errors

7.6.3. How to Repair MyISAM Tables

7.6.4. MyISAM Table Optimization

7.6.5. Setting Up a MyISAM Table Maintenance Schedule

8. Optimization

8.1. Optimization Overview

8.2. Optimizing SQL Statements

8.2.1. Optimizing SELECT Statements

8.2.2. Optimizing DML Statements

8.2.3. Optimizing Database Privileges

8.2.4. Optimizing INFORMATION_SCHEMA Queries

8.2.5. Other Optimization Tips

8.3. Optimization and Indexes

8.3.1. How MySQL Uses Indexes

8.3.2. Using Primary Keys

8.3.3. Using Foreign Keys

8.3.4. Column Indexes

8.3.5. Multiple-Column Indexes

8.3.6. Verifying Index Usage

8.3.7. InnoDB and MyISAM Index Statistics Collection

8.3.8. Comparison of B-Tree and Hash Indexes

8.4. Optimizing Database Structure

8.4.1. Optimizing Data Size

8.4.2. Optimizing MySQL Data Types

8.4.3. Optimizing for Many Tables

8.5. Optimizing for InnoDB Tables

8.5.1. Optimizing Storage Layout for InnoDB Tables

8.5.2. Optimizing InnoDB Transaction Management

8.5.3. Optimizing InnoDB Logging

8.5.4. Bulk Data Loading for InnoDB Tables

8.5.5. Optimizing InnoDB Queries

8.5.6. Optimizing InnoDB DDL Operations

8.5.7. Optimizing InnoDB Disk I/O

8.5.8. Optimizing InnoDB Configuration Variables

8.5.9. Optimizing InnoDB for Systems with Many Tables

8.6. Optimizing for MyISAM Tables

8.6.1. Optimizing MyISAM Queries

8.6.2. Bulk Data Loading for MyISAM Tables

8.6.3. Speed of REPAIR TABLE Statements

8.7. Optimizing for MEMORY Tables

8.8. Understanding the Query Execution Plan

8.8.1. Optimizing Queries with EXPLAIN

8.8.2. EXPLAIN Output Format

8.8.3. EXPLAIN EXTENDED Output Format

8.8.4. Estimating Query Performance

8.8.5. Controlling the Query Optimizer

8.9. Buffering and Caching

8.9.1. The InnoDB Buffer Pool

8.9.2. The MyISAM Key Cache

8.9.3. The MySQL Query Cache

8.9.4. Caching of Prepared Statements and Stored Programs

8.10. Optimizing Locking Operations

8.10.1. Internal Locking Methods

8.10.2. Table Locking Issues

8.10.3. Concurrent Inserts

8.10.4. Metadata Locking

8.10.5. External Locking

8.11. Optimizing the MySQL Server

8.11.1. System Factors and Startup Parameter Tuning

8.11.2. Tuning Server Parameters

8.11.3. Optimizing Disk I/O

8.11.4. Optimizing Memory Use

8.11.5. Optimizing Network Use

8.11.6. The Thread Pool Plugin

8.12. Measuring Performance (Benchmarking)

8.12.1. Measuring the Speed of Expressions and Functions

8.12.2. The MySQL Benchmark Suite

8.12.3. Using Your Own Benchmarks

8.12.4. Measuring Performance with performance_schema

8.12.5. Examining Thread Information

8.13. Internal Details of MySQL Optimizations

8.13.1. Range Optimization

8.13.2. Index Merge Optimization

8.13.3. Engine Condition Pushdown Optimization

8.13.4. Index Condition Pushdown Optimization

8.13.5. Use of Index Extensions

8.13.6. IS NULL Optimization

8.13.7. LEFT JOIN and RIGHT JOIN Optimization

8.13.8. Nested-Loop Join Algorithms

8.13.9. Nested Join Optimization

8.13.10. Outer Join Simplification

8.13.11. Multi-Range Read Optimization

8.13.12. Block Nested-Loop and Batched Key Access Joins

8.13.13. ORDER BY Optimization

8.13.14. GROUP BY Optimization

8.13.15. DISTINCT Optimization

8.13.16. Subquery Optimization

9. Language Structure

9.1. Literal Values

9.1.1. String Literals

9.1.2. Number Literals

9.1.3. Date and Time Literals

9.1.4. Hexadecimal Literals

9.1.5. Boolean Literals

9.1.6. Bit-Field Literals

9.1.7. NULL Values

9.2. Schema Object Names

9.2.1. Identifier Qualifiers

9.2.2. Identifier Case Sensitivity

9.2.3. Mapping of Identifiers to File Names

9.2.4. Function Name Parsing and Resolution

9.3. Reserved Words

9.4. User-Defined Variables

9.5. Expression Syntax

9.6. Comment Syntax

10. Globalization

10.1. Character Set Support

10.1.1. Character Sets and Collations in General

10.1.2. Character Sets and Collations in MySQL

10.1.3. Specifying Character Sets and Collations

10.1.4. Connection Character Sets and Collations

10.1.5. Configuring the Character Set and Collation for Applications

10.1.6. Character Set for Error Messages

10.1.7. Collation Issues

10.1.8. String Repertoire

10.1.9. Operations Affected by Character Set Support

10.1.10. Unicode Support

10.1.11. Upgrading from Previous to Current Unicode Support

10.1.12. UTF-8 for Metadata

10.1.13. Column Character Set Conversion

10.1.14. Character Sets and Collations That MySQL Supports

10.2. Setting the Error Message Language

10.3. Adding a Character Set

10.3.1. Character Definition Arrays

10.3.2. String Collating Support for Complex Character Sets

10.3.3. Multi-Byte Character Support for Complex Character Sets

10.4. Adding a Collation to a Character Set

10.4.1. Collation Implementation Types

10.4.2. Choosing a Collation ID

10.4.3. Adding a Simple Collation to an 8-Bit Character Set

10.4.4. Adding a UCA Collation to a Unicode Character Set

10.5. Character Set Configuration

10.6. MySQL Server Time Zone Support

10.6.1. Staying Current with Time Zone Changes

10.6.2. Time Zone Leap Second Support

10.7. MySQL Server Locale Support

11. Data Types

11.1. Data Type Overview

11.1.1. Numeric Type Overview

11.1.2. Date and Time Type Overview

11.1.3. String Type Overview

11.2. Numeric Types

11.2.1. Integer Types (Exact Value) - INTEGER, INT, SMALLINT, TINYINT, MEDIUMINT, BIGINT

11.2.2. Fixed-Point Types (Exact Value) - DECIMAL, NUMERIC

11.2.3. Floating-Point Types (Approximate Value) - FLOAT, DOUBLE

11.2.4. Bit-Value Type - BIT

11.2.5. Numeric Type Attributes

11.2.6. Out-of-Range and Overflow Handling

11.3. Date and Time Types

11.3.1. The DATE, DATETIME, and TIMESTAMP Types

11.3.2. The TIME Type

11.3.3. The YEAR Type

11.3.4. YEAR(2) Limitations and Migrating to YEAR(4)

11.3.5. Automatic Initialization and Updating for TIMESTAMP and DATETIME

11.3.6. Fractional Seconds in Time Values

11.3.7. Conversion Between Date and Time Types

11.3.8. Two-Digit Years in Dates

11.4. String Types

11.4.1. The CHAR and VARCHAR Types

11.4.2. The BINARY and VARBINARY Types

11.4.3. The BLOB and TEXT Types

11.4.4. The ENUM Type

11.4.5. The SET Type

11.5. Data Type Default Values

11.6. Data Type Storage Requirements

11.7. Choosing the Right Type for a Column

11.8. Using Data Types from Other Database Engines

12. Functions and Operators

12.1. Function and Operator Reference

12.2. Type Conversion in Expression Evaluation

12.3. Operators

12.3.1. Operator Precedence

12.3.2. Comparison Functions and Operators

12.3.3. Logical Operators

12.3.4. Assignment Operators

12.4. Control Flow Functions

12.5. String Functions

12.5.1. String Comparison Functions

12.5.2. Regular Expressions

12.6. Numeric Functions and Operators

12.6.1. Arithmetic Operators

12.6.2. Mathematical Functions

12.7. Date and Time Functions

12.8. What Calendar Is Used By MySQL?

12.9. Full-Text Search Functions

12.9.1. Natural Language Full-Text Searches

12.9.2. Boolean Full-Text Searches

12.9.3. Full-Text Searches with Query Expansion

12.9.4. Full-Text Stopwords

12.9.5. Full-Text Restrictions

12.9.6. Fine-Tuning MySQL Full-Text Search

12.9.7. Adding a Collation for Full-Text Indexing

12.10. Cast Functions and Operators

12.11. XML Functions

12.12. Bit Functions

12.13. Encryption and Compression Functions

12.14. Information Functions

12.15. GTID Functions

12.16. Miscellaneous Functions

12.17. Functions and Modifiers for Use with GROUP BY Clauses

12.17.1. GROUP BY (Aggregate) Functions

12.17.2. GROUP BY Modifiers

12.17.3. MySQL Extensions to GROUP BY

12.18. Spatial Extensions

12.18.1. Introduction to MySQL Spatial Support

12.18.2. The OpenGIS Geometry Model

12.18.3. Supported Spatial Data Formats

12.18.4. Creating a Spatially Enabled MySQL Database

12.18.5. Spatial Analysis Functions

12.18.6. Optimizing Spatial Analysis

12.18.7. MySQL Conformance and Compatibility

12.19. Precision Math

12.19.1. Types of Numeric Values

12.19.2. DECIMAL Data Type Changes

12.19.3. Expression Handling

12.19.4. Rounding Behavior

12.19.5. Precision Math Examples

13. SQL Statement Syntax

13.1. Data Definition Statements

13.1.1. ALTER DATABASE Syntax

13.1.2. ALTER EVENT Syntax

13.1.3. ALTER LOGFILE GROUP Syntax

13.1.4. ALTER FUNCTION Syntax

13.1.5. ALTER PROCEDURE Syntax

13.1.6. ALTER SERVER Syntax

13.1.7. ALTER TABLE Syntax

13.1.8. ALTER TABLESPACE Syntax

13.1.9. ALTER VIEW Syntax

13.1.10. CREATE DATABASE Syntax

13.1.11. CREATE EVENT Syntax

13.1.12. CREATE FUNCTION Syntax

13.1.13. CREATE INDEX Syntax

13.1.14. CREATE LOGFILE GROUP Syntax

13.1.15. CREATE PROCEDURE and CREATE FUNCTION Syntax

13.1.16. CREATE SERVER Syntax

13.1.17. CREATE TABLE Syntax

13.1.18. CREATE TABLESPACE Syntax

13.1.19. CREATE TRIGGER Syntax

13.1.20. CREATE VIEW Syntax

13.1.21. DROP DATABASE Syntax

13.1.22. DROP EVENT Syntax

13.1.23. DROP FUNCTION Syntax

13.1.24. DROP INDEX Syntax

13.1.25. DROP LOGFILE GROUP Syntax

13.1.26. DROP PROCEDURE and DROP FUNCTION Syntax

13.1.27. DROP SERVER Syntax

13.1.28. DROP TABLE Syntax

13.1.29. DROP TABLESPACE Syntax

13.1.30. DROP TRIGGER Syntax

13.1.31. DROP VIEW Syntax

13.1.32. RENAME TABLE Syntax

13.1.33. TRUNCATE TABLE Syntax

13.2. Data Manipulation Statements

13.2.1. CALL Syntax

13.2.2. DELETE Syntax

13.2.3. DO Syntax

13.2.4. HANDLER Syntax

13.2.5. INSERT Syntax

13.2.6. LOAD DATA INFILE Syntax

13.2.7. LOAD XML Syntax

13.2.8. REPLACE Syntax

13.2.9. SELECT Syntax

13.2.10. Subquery Syntax

13.2.11. UPDATE Syntax

13.3. MySQL Transactional and Locking Statements

13.3.1. START TRANSACTION, COMMIT, and ROLLBACK Syntax

13.3.2. Statements That Cannot Be Rolled Back

13.3.3. Statements That Cause an Implicit Commit

13.3.4. SAVEPOINT, ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT, and RELEASE SAVEPOINT Syntax

13.3.5. LOCK TABLES and UNLOCK TABLES Syntax

13.3.6. SET TRANSACTION Syntax

13.3.7. XA Transactions

13.4. Replication Statements

13.4.1. SQL Statements for Controlling Master Servers

13.4.2. SQL Statements for Controlling Slave Servers

13.5. SQL Syntax for Prepared Statements

13.5.1. PREPARE Syntax

13.5.2. EXECUTE Syntax

13.5.3. DEALLOCATE PREPARE Syntax

13.6. MySQL Compound-Statement Syntax

13.6.1. BEGIN ... END Compound-Statement Syntax

13.6.2. Statement Label Syntax

13.6.3. DECLARE Syntax

13.6.4. Variables in Stored Programs

13.6.5. Flow Control Statements

13.6.6. Cursors

13.6.7. Condition Handling

13.7. Database Administration Statements

13.7.1. Account Management Statements

13.7.2. Table Maintenance Statements

13.7.3. Plugin and User-Defined Function Statements

13.7.4. SET Syntax

13.7.5. SHOW Syntax

13.7.6. Other Administrative Statements

13.8. MySQL Utility Statements

13.8.1. DESCRIBE Syntax

13.8.2. EXPLAIN Syntax

13.8.3. HELP Syntax

13.8.4. USE Syntax

14. Storage Engines

14.1. Setting the Storage Engine

14.2. The InnoDB Storage Engine

14.2.1. Getting Started with InnoDB Tables

14.2.2. Administering InnoDB

14.2.3. InnoDB Concepts and Architecture

14.2.4. InnoDB Performance Tuning and Troubleshooting

14.2.5. InnoDB Features for Flexibility, Ease of Use and Reliability

14.2.6. InnoDB Startup Options and System Variables

14.2.7. Limits on InnoDB Tables

14.2.8. MySQL and the ACID Model

14.2.9. InnoDB Integration with memcached

14.3. The MyISAM Storage Engine

14.3.1. MyISAM Startup Options

14.3.2. Space Needed for Keys

14.3.3. MyISAM Table Storage Formats

14.3.4. MyISAM Table Problems

14.4. The MEMORY Storage Engine

14.5. The CSV Storage Engine

14.5.1. Repairing and Checking CSV Tables

14.5.2. CSV Limitations

14.6. The ARCHIVE Storage Engine

14.7. The BLACKHOLE Storage Engine

14.8. The MERGE Storage Engine

14.8.1. MERGE Table Advantages and Disadvantages

14.8.2. MERGE Table Problems

14.9. The FEDERATED Storage Engine

14.9.1. FEDERATED Storage Engine Overview

14.9.2. How to Create FEDERATED Tables

14.9.3. FEDERATED Storage Engine Notes and Tips

14.9.4. FEDERATED Storage Engine Resources

14.10. The EXAMPLE Storage Engine

14.11. Other Storage Engines

14.12. Overview of MySQL Storage Engine Architecture

14.12.1. Pluggable Storage Engine Architecture

14.12.2. The Common Database Server Layer

15. High Availability and Scalability

15.1. Oracle VM Template for MySQL Enterprise Edition

15.2. Overview of MySQL with DRBD/Pacemaker/Corosync/Oracle Linux

15.3. Overview of MySQL with Windows Failover Clustering

15.4. Using MySQL within an Amazon EC2 Instance

15.4.1. Setting Up MySQL on an EC2 AMI

15.4.2. EC2 Instance Limitations

15.4.3. Deploying a MySQL Database Using EC2

15.5. Using ZFS Replication

15.5.1. Using ZFS for File System Replication

15.5.2. Configuring MySQL for ZFS Replication

15.5.3. Handling MySQL Recovery with ZFS

15.6. Using MySQL with memcached

15.6.1. Installing memcached

15.6.2. Using memcached

15.6.3. Developing a memcached Application

15.6.4. Getting memcached Statistics

15.6.5. memcached FAQ

15.7. MySQL Proxy

15.7.1. MySQL Proxy Supported Platforms

15.7.2. Installing MySQL Proxy

15.7.3. MySQL Proxy Command Options

15.7.4. MySQL Proxy Scripting

15.7.5. Using MySQL Proxy

15.7.6. MySQL Proxy FAQ

16. Replication

16.1. Replication Configuration

16.1.1. How to Set Up Replication

16.1.2. Replication Formats

16.1.3. Replication with Global Transaction Identifiers

16.1.4. Replication and Binary Logging Options and Variables

16.1.5. Common Replication Administration Tasks

16.2. Replication Implementation

16.2.1. Replication Implementation Details

16.2.2. Replication Relay and Status Logs

16.2.3. How Servers Evaluate Replication Filtering Rules

16.3. Replication Solutions

16.3.1. Using Replication for Backups

16.3.2. Using Replication with Different Master and Slave Storage Engines

16.3.3. Using Replication for Scale-Out

16.3.4. Replicating Different Databases to Different Slaves

16.3.5. Improving Replication Performance

16.3.6. Switching Masters During Failover

16.3.7. Setting Up Replication Using SSL

16.3.8. Semisynchronous Replication

16.3.9. Delayed Replication

16.4. Replication Notes and Tips

16.4.1. Replication Features and Issues

16.4.2. Replication Compatibility Between MySQL Versions

16.4.3. Upgrading a Replication Setup

16.4.4. Troubleshooting Replication

16.4.5. How to Report Replication Bugs or Problems

17. MySQL Cluster NDB 7.3

17.1. MySQL Cluster Overview

17.1.1. MySQL Cluster Core Concepts

17.1.2. MySQL Cluster Nodes, Node Groups, Replicas, and Partitions

17.1.3. MySQL Cluster Hardware, Software, and Networking Requirements

17.1.4. MySQL Cluster Development History

17.1.5. MySQL Server Using InnoDB Compared with MySQL Cluster

17.1.6. Known Limitations of MySQL Cluster

17.2. MySQL Cluster Installation

17.2.1. The MySQL Cluster Auto-Installer

17.2.2. Installation of MySQL Cluster on Linux

17.2.3. Installing MySQL Cluster on Windows

17.2.4. Initial Configuration of MySQL Cluster

17.2.5. Initial Startup of MySQL Cluster

17.2.6. MySQL Cluster Example with Tables and Data

17.2.7. Safe Shutdown and Restart of MySQL Cluster

17.2.8. Upgrading and Downgrading MySQL Cluster NDB 7.3

17.3. Configuration of MySQL Cluster NDB 7.3

17.3.1. Quick Test Setup of MySQL Cluster

17.3.2. MySQL Cluster Configuration Files

17.3.3. Overview of MySQL Cluster Configuration Parameters

17.3.4. MySQL Server Options and Variables for MySQL Cluster

17.3.5. Using High-Speed Interconnects with MySQL Cluster

17.4. MySQL Cluster Programs

17.4.1. ndbd — The MySQL Cluster Data Node Daemon

17.4.2. ndbinfo_select_all — Select From ndbinfo Tables

17.4.3. ndbmtd — The MySQL Cluster Data Node Daemon (Multi-Threaded)

17.4.4. ndb_mgmd — The MySQL Cluster Management Server Daemon

17.4.5. ndb_mgm — The MySQL Cluster Management Client

17.4.6. ndb_config — Extract MySQL Cluster Configuration Information

17.4.7. ndb_cpcd — Automate Testing for NDB Development

17.4.8. ndb_delete_all — Delete All Rows from an NDB Table

17.4.9. ndb_desc — Describe NDB Tables

17.4.10. ndb_drop_index — Drop Index from an NDB Table

17.4.11. ndb_drop_table — Drop an NDB Table

17.4.12. ndb_error_reporter — NDB Error-Reporting Utility

17.4.13. ndb_index_stat — NDB Index Statistics Utility

17.4.14. ndb_print_backup_file — Print NDB Backup File Contents

17.4.15. ndb_print_schema_file — Print NDB Schema File Contents

17.4.16. ndb_print_sys_file — Print NDB System File Contents

17.4.17. ndbd_redo_log_reader — Check and Print Content of Cluster Redo Log

17.4.18. ndb_restore — Restore a MySQL Cluster Backup

17.4.19. ndb_select_all — Print Rows from an NDB Table

17.4.20. ndb_select_count — Print Row Counts for NDB Tables

17.4.21. ndb_setup.py — Start browser-based Auto-Installer for MySQL Cluster

17.4.22. ndb_show_tables — Display List of NDB Tables

17.4.23. ndb_size.pl — NDBCLUSTER Size Requirement Estimator

17.4.24. ndb_waiter — Wait for MySQL Cluster to Reach a Given Status

17.4.25. Options Common to MySQL Cluster Programs — Options Common to MySQL Cluster Programs

17.5. Management of MySQL Cluster

17.5.1. Summary of MySQL Cluster Start Phases

17.5.2. Commands in the MySQL Cluster Management Client

17.5.3. Online Backup of MySQL Cluster

17.5.4. MySQL Server Usage for MySQL Cluster

17.5.5. Performing a Rolling Restart of a MySQL Cluster

17.5.6. Event Reports Generated in MySQL Cluster

17.5.7. MySQL Cluster Log Messages

17.5.8. MySQL Cluster Single User Mode

17.5.9. Quick Reference: MySQL Cluster SQL Statements

17.5.10. The ndbinfo MySQL Cluster Information Database

17.5.11. MySQL Cluster Security Issues

17.5.12. MySQL Cluster Disk Data Tables

17.5.13. Adding MySQL Cluster Data Nodes Online

17.5.14. Distributed MySQL Privileges for MySQL Cluster

17.5.15. NDB API Statistics Counters and Variables

17.6. MySQL Cluster Replication

17.6.1. MySQL Cluster Replication: Abbreviations and Symbols

17.6.2. General Requirements for MySQL Cluster Replication

17.6.3. Known Issues in MySQL Cluster Replication

17.6.4. MySQL Cluster Replication Schema and Tables

17.6.5. Preparing the MySQL Cluster for Replication

17.6.6. Starting MySQL Cluster Replication (Single Replication Channel)

17.6.7. Using Two Replication Channels for MySQL Cluster Replication

17.6.8. Implementing Failover with MySQL Cluster Replication

17.6.9. MySQL Cluster Backups With MySQL Cluster Replication

17.6.10. MySQL Cluster Replication: Multi-Master and Circular Replication

17.6.11. MySQL Cluster Replication Conflict Resolution

17.7. MySQL Cluster Release Notes

18. Partitioning

18.1. Overview of Partitioning in MySQL

18.2. Partitioning Types

18.2.1. RANGE Partitioning

18.2.2. LIST Partitioning

18.2.3. COLUMNS Partitioning

18.2.4. HASH Partitioning

18.2.5. KEY Partitioning

18.2.6. Subpartitioning

18.2.7. How MySQL Partitioning Handles NULL

18.3. Partition Management

18.3.1. Management of RANGE and LIST Partitions

18.3.2. Management of HASH and KEY Partitions

18.3.3. Exchanging Partitions and Subpartitions with Tables

18.3.4. Maintenance of Partitions

18.3.5. Obtaining Information About Partitions

18.4. Partition Pruning

18.5. Partition Selection

18.6. Restrictions and Limitations on Partitioning

18.6.1. Partitioning Keys, Primary Keys, and Unique Keys

18.6.2. Partitioning Limitations Relating to Storage Engines

18.6.3. Partitioning Limitations Relating to Functions

18.6.4. Partitioning and Locking

19. Stored Programs and Views

19.1. Defining Stored Programs

19.2. Using Stored Routines (Procedures and Functions)

19.2.1. Stored Routine Syntax

19.2.2. Stored Routines and MySQL Privileges

19.2.3. Stored Routine Metadata

19.2.4. Stored Procedures, Functions, Triggers, and LAST_INSERT_ID()

19.3. Using Triggers

19.3.1. Trigger Syntax and Examples

19.3.2. Trigger Metadata

19.4. Using the Event Scheduler

19.4.1. Event Scheduler Overview

19.4.2. Event Scheduler Configuration

19.4.3. Event Syntax

19.4.4. Event Metadata

19.4.5. Event Scheduler Status

19.4.6. The Event Scheduler and MySQL Privileges

19.5. Using Views

19.5.1. View Syntax

19.5.2. View Processing Algorithms

19.5.3. Updatable and Insertable Views

19.5.4. View Metadata

19.6. Access Control for Stored Programs and Views

19.7. Binary Logging of Stored Programs

20. INFORMATION_SCHEMA Tables

20.1. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA CHARACTER_SETS Table

20.2. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA COLLATIONS Table

20.3. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA COLLATION_CHARACTER_SET_APPLICABILITY Table

20.4. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA COLUMNS Table

20.5. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA COLUMN_PRIVILEGES Table

20.6. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA ENGINES Table

20.7. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA EVENTS Table

20.8. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA FILES Table

20.9. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA GLOBAL_STATUS and SESSION_STATUS Tables

20.10. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA GLOBAL_VARIABLES and SESSION_VARIABLES Tables

20.11. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA KEY_COLUMN_USAGE Table

20.12. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA OPTIMIZER_TRACE Table

20.13. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA PARAMETERS Table

20.14. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA PARTITIONS Table

20.15. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA PLUGINS Table

20.16. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA PROCESSLIST Table

20.17. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA PROFILING Table

20.18. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS Table

20.19. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA ROUTINES Table

20.20. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA SCHEMATA Table

20.21. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA SCHEMA_PRIVILEGES Table

20.22. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA STATISTICS Table

20.23. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TABLES Table

20.24. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TABLESPACES Table

20.25. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TABLE_CONSTRAINTS Table

20.26. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TABLE_PRIVILEGES Table

20.27. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TRIGGERS Table

20.28. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA USER_PRIVILEGES Table

20.29. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA VIEWS Table

20.30. INFORMATION_SCHEMA Tables for InnoDB

20.30.1. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_CMP and INNODB_CMP_RESET Tables

20.30.2. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_CMP_PER_INDEX and INNODB_CMP_PER_INDEX_RESET Tables

20.30.3. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_CMPMEM and INNODB_CMPMEM_RESET Tables

20.30.4. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_TRX Table

20.30.5. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_LOCKS Table

20.30.6. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_LOCK_WAITS Table

20.30.7. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_TABLES Table

20.30.8. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_INDEXES Table

20.30.9. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_COLUMNS Table

20.30.10. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_FIELDS Table

20.30.11. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_FOREIGN Table

20.30.12. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_FOREIGN_COLS Table

20.30.13. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_TABLESTATS View

20.30.14. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_DATAFILES Table

20.30.15. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_TABLESPACES Table

20.30.16. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_BUFFER_PAGE Table

20.30.17. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_BUFFER_PAGE_LRU Table

20.30.18. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_BUFFER_POOL_STATS Table

20.30.19. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_METRICS Table

20.30.20. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_FT_CONFIG Table

20.30.21. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_FT_DEFAULT_STOPWORD Table

20.30.22. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_FT_INDEX_TABLE Table

20.30.23. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_FT_INDEX_CACHE Table

20.30.24. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_FT_DELETED Table

20.30.25. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_FT_BEING_DELETED Table

20.31. Thread Pool INFORMATION_SCHEMA Tables

20.31.1. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TP_THREAD_STATE Table

20.31.2. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TP_THREAD_GROUP_STATE Table

20.31.3. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TP_THREAD_GROUP_STATS Table

20.32. Extensions to SHOW Statements

21. MySQL Performance Schema

21.1. Performance Schema Quick Start

21.2. Performance Schema Configuration

21.2.1. Performance Schema Build Configuration

21.2.2. Performance Schema Startup Configuration

21.2.3. Performance Schema Runtime Configuration

21.3. Performance Schema Queries

21.4. Performance Schema Instrument Naming Conventions

21.5. Performance Schema Status Monitoring

21.6. Performance Schema Atom and Molecule Events

21.7. Performance Schema Statement Digests

21.8. Performance Schema General Table Characteristics

21.9. Performance Schema Table Descriptions

21.9.1. Performance Schema Setup Tables

21.9.2. Performance Schema Instance Tables

21.9.3. Performance Schema Wait Event Tables

21.9.4. Performance Schema Stage Event Tables

21.9.5. Performance Schema Statement Event Tables

21.9.6. Performance Schema Connection Tables

21.9.7. Performance Schema Connection Attribute Tables

21.9.8. Performance Schema Summary Tables

21.9.9. Performance Schema Miscellaneous Tables

21.10. Performance Schema Option and Variable Reference

21.11. Performance Schema Command Options

21.12. Performance Schema System Variables

21.13. Performance Schema Status Variables

21.14. Performance Schema and Plugins

21.15. Using the Performance Schema to Diagnose Problems

22. Connectors and APIs

22.1. MySQL Connector/ODBC

22.1.1. Connector/ODBC Versions

22.1.2. Connector/ODBC Introduction

22.1.3. Connector/ODBC Installation

22.1.4. Configuring Connector/ODBC

22.1.5. Connector/ODBC Examples

22.1.6. Connector/ODBC Reference

22.1.7. Connector/ODBC Notes and Tips

22.1.8. Connector/ODBC Support

22.2. MySQL Connector/Net

22.2.1. Connector/Net Versions

22.2.2. Connector/Net Installation

22.2.3. Connector/Net Visual Studio Integration

22.2.4. Connector/Net Tutorials

22.2.5. Connector/Net Programming

22.2.6. Connector/Net Connection String Options Reference

22.2.7. Connector/Net Support for Windows Store

22.2.8. EF 5 Support

22.2.9. Connector/Net API Reference

22.2.10. Connector/Net Support

22.2.11. Connector/Net FAQ

22.3. MySQL Connector/J

22.3.1. Overview of MySQL Connector/J

22.3.2. Connector/J Versions

22.3.3. Connector/J Installation

22.3.4. Connector/J Examples

22.3.5. Connector/J (JDBC) Reference

22.3.6. JDBC Concepts

22.3.7. Connection Pooling with Connector/J

22.3.8. Load Balancing with Connector/J

22.3.9. Failover with Connector/J

22.3.10. Using the Connector/J Interceptor Classes

22.3.11. Using Connector/J with Tomcat

22.3.12. Using Connector/J with JBoss

22.3.13. Using Connector/J with Spring

22.3.14. Using Connector/J with GlassFish

22.3.15. Troubleshooting Connector/J Applications

22.3.16. Connector/J Support

22.4. MySQL Connector/C++

22.4.1. How to Get MySQL Connector/C++

22.4.2. Installing MySQL Connector/C++ from a Binary Distribution

22.4.3. Installing MySQL Connector/C++ from Source

22.4.4. Building MySQL Connector/C++ Windows Applications with Microsoft Visual Studio

22.4.5. Building MySQL Connector/C++ Linux Applications with NetBeans

22.4.6. MySQL Connector/C++ Getting Started: Usage Examples

22.4.7. MySQL Connector/C++ Tutorials

22.4.8. MySQL Connector/C++ Debug Tracing

22.4.9. MySQL Connector/C++ Usage Notes

22.4.10. MySQL Connector/C++ Known Bugs and Issues

22.4.11. MySQL Connector/C++ Support

22.5. MySQL Connector/C

22.5.1. MySQL Connector/C Versions

22.5.2. MySQL Connector/C Supported Platforms

22.5.3. MySQL Connector/C Distribution Contents

22.5.4. Installing MySQL Connector/C

22.5.5. Building MySQL Connector/C Applications

22.6. MySQL Connector/Python

22.6.1. Guidelines for Python Developers

22.6.2. Connector/Python Versions

22.6.3. Connector/Python Installation

22.6.4. Connector/Python Coding Examples

22.6.5. Connector/Python Tutorials

22.6.6. Connector/Python Connection Arguments

22.6.7. Connector/Python API Reference

22.7. libmysqld, the Embedded MySQL Server Library

22.7.1. Compiling Programs with libmysqld

22.7.2. Restrictions When Using the Embedded MySQL Server

22.7.3. Options with the Embedded Server

22.7.4. Embedded Server Examples

22.8. MySQL C API

22.8.1. MySQL C API Implementations

22.8.2. Simultaneous MySQL Server and MySQL Connector/C Installations

22.8.3. Example C API Client Programs

22.8.4. Building and Running C API Client Programs

22.8.5. C API Data Structures

22.8.6. C API Function Overview

22.8.7. C API Function Descriptions

22.8.8. C API Prepared Statements

22.8.9. C API Prepared Statement Data Structures

22.8.10. C API Prepared Statement Function Overview

22.8.11. C API Prepared Statement Function Descriptions

22.8.12. C API Threaded Function Descriptions

22.8.13. C API Embedded Server Function Descriptions

22.8.14. C API Client Plugin Functions

22.8.15. Common Questions and Problems When Using the C API

22.8.16. Controlling Automatic Reconnection Behavior

22.8.17. C API Support for Multiple Statement Execution

22.8.18. C API Prepared Statement Problems

22.8.19. C API Prepared Statement Handling of Date and Time Values

22.8.20. C API Support for Prepared CALL Statements

22.9. MySQL PHP API

22.9.1. Overview of the MySQL PHP drivers

22.9.2. Original MySQL API (Mysql)

22.9.3. MySQL Improved Extension (Mysqli)

22.9.4. MySQL Functions (PDO_MYSQL) (MySQL (PDO))

22.9.5. MySQL Native Driver (Mysqlnd)

22.9.6. Mysqlnd replication and load balancing plugin (mysqlnd_ms)

22.9.7. Mysqlnd query result cache plugin (mysqlnd_qc)

22.9.8. Mysqlnd user handler plugin (mysqlnd_uh)

22.9.9. Mysqlnd connection multiplexing plugin (mysqlnd_mux)

22.9.10. Mysqlnd Memcache plugin (mysqlnd_memcache)

22.9.11. Connector/PHP

22.9.12. Common Problems with MySQL and PHP

22.9.13. Enabling Both mysql and mysqli in PHP

22.10. MySQL Perl API

22.11. MySQL Python API

22.12. MySQL Ruby APIs

22.12.1. The MySQL/Ruby API

22.12.2. The Ruby/MySQL API

22.13. MySQL Tcl API

22.14. MySQL Eiffel Wrapper

23. Extending MySQL

23.1. MySQL Internals

23.1.1. MySQL Threads

23.1.2. The MySQL Test Suite

23.2. The MySQL Plugin API

23.2.1. Plugin API Characteristics

23.2.2. Plugin API Components

23.2.3. Types of Plugins

23.2.4. Writing Plugins

23.2.5. MySQL Services for Plugins

23.3. Adding New Functions to MySQL

23.3.1. Features of the User-Defined Function Interface

23.3.2. Adding a New User-Defined Function

23.3.3. Adding a New Native Function

23.4. Debugging and Porting MySQL

23.4.1. Debugging a MySQL Server

23.4.2. Debugging a MySQL Client

23.4.3. The DBUG Package

24. MySQL Enterprise Edition

24.1. MySQL Enterprise Monitor

24.2. MySQL Enterprise Backup

24.3. MySQL Enterprise Security

24.4. MySQL Enterprise Audit

24.5. MySQL Enterprise Thread Pool

25. MySQL Workbench

26. MySQL for Excel

26.1. Installing and Configuring

26.2. Edit MySQL Data

26.3. Import MySQL Data

26.4. Append MySQL Data

26.5. Export MySQL Data

26.6. MySQL for Excel FAQ

A. Licenses for Third-Party Components

A.1. Ant-Contrib License

A.2. ANTLR 3 License

A.3. ANTLR 3.3 License

A.4. Boost Library License

A.5. Bouncy Castle 1.7 License

A.6. c3p0 JDBC Library License

A.7. dtoa.c License

A.8. Editline Library (libedit) License

A.9. Editline Library (libedit) License

A.10. Facebook Fast Checksum Patch License

A.11. Facebook Patches License

A.12. FindGTest.cmake License

A.13. Fred Fish's Dbug Library License

A.14. getarg License

A.15. GLib License (for MySQL Proxy)

A.16. GNU General Public License Version 2.0, June 1991

A.17. GNU General Public License Version 3.0, 29 June 2007 and GCC Runtime Library Exception Version 3.1, 31 March 2009

A.18. GNU Lesser General Public License Version 2.1, February 1999

A.19. GNU Libtool License

A.20. GNU Readline License

A.21. GNU Standard C++ Library (libstdc++) License

A.22. Google Controlling Master Thread I/O Rate Patch License

A.23. Google Perftools (TCMalloc utility) License

A.24. Google SMP Patch License

A.25. jboss-common-jdbc-wrapper.jar License

A.26. lib_sql.cc License

A.27. Libaio License

A.28. libevent License

A.29. Libiconv License

A.30. libintl License

A.31. Linux-PAM License

A.32. LPeg Library License

A.33. Lua (liblua) License

A.34. LuaFileSystem Library License

A.35. md5 (Message-Digest Algorithm 5) License

A.36. memcached License

A.37. mkpasswd.pl License

A.38. Node.js License

A.39. nt_servc (Windows NT Service class library) License

A.40. OpenPAM License

A.41. OpenSSL v1.0 License

A.42. Paramiko License

A.43. PCRE License

A.44. Percona Multiple I/O Threads Patch License

A.45. Python License

A.46. Red HAT RPM Spec File License

A.47. RegEX-Spencer Library License

A.48. RFC 3174 - US Secure Hash Algorithm 1 (SHA1) License

A.49. Richard A. O'Keefe String Library License

A.50. SHA-1 in C License

A.51. Simple Logging Facade for Java (SLF4J) License

A.52. Unicode Data Files

A.53. V8 License

A.54. zlib License

A.55. ZLIB.NET License

B. MySQL 5.6 Frequently Asked Questions

B.1. MySQL 5.6 FAQ: General

B.2. MySQL 5.6 FAQ: Storage Engines

B.3. MySQL 5.6 FAQ: Server SQL Mode

B.4. MySQL 5.6 FAQ: Stored Procedures and Functions

B.5. MySQL 5.6 FAQ: Triggers

B.6. MySQL 5.6 FAQ: Views

B.7. MySQL 5.6 FAQ: INFORMATION_SCHEMA

B.8. MySQL 5.6 FAQ: Migration

B.9. MySQL 5.6 FAQ: Security

B.10. MySQL 5.6 FAQ: MySQL Cluster

B.11. MySQL 5.6 FAQ: MySQL Chinese, Japanese, and KoreanCharacter Sets

B.12. MySQL 5.6 FAQ: Connectors & APIs

B.13. MySQL 5.6 FAQ: Replication

B.14. MySQL 5.6 FAQ: MySQL Enterprise Scalability Thread Pool

C. Errors, Error Codes, and Common Problems

C.1. Sources of Error Information

C.2. Types of Error Values

C.3. Server Error Codes and Messages

C.4. Client Error Codes and Messages

C.5. Problems and Common Errors

C.5.1. How to Determine What Is Causing a Problem

C.5.2. Common Errors When Using MySQL Programs

C.5.3. Installation-Related Issues

C.5.4. Administration-Related Issues

C.5.5. Query-Related Issues

C.5.6. Optimizer-Related Issues

C.5.7. Table Definition-Related Issues

C.5.8. Known Issues in MySQL

D. MySQL Release Notes

E. Restrictions and Limits

E.1. Restrictions on Stored Programs

E.2. Restrictions on Condition Handling

E.3. Restrictions on Server-Side Cursors

E.4. Restrictions on Subqueries

E.5. Restrictions on Views

E.6. Restrictions on XA Transactions

E.7. Restrictions on Character Sets

E.8. Restrictions on Performance Schema

E.9. Restrictions on Pluggable Authentication

E.10. Limits in MySQL

E.10.1. Limits of Joins

E.10.2. Limits on Number of Databases and Tables

E.10.3. Limits on Table Size

E.10.4. Limits on Table Column Count and Row Size

E.10.5. Limits Imposed by .frm File Structure

E.10.6. Windows Platform Limitations

MySQL Glossary

General Index

C Function Index

Command Index

Function Index

INFORMATION_SCHEMA Index

Join Types Index

Operator Index

Option Index

Privileges Index

SQL Modes Index

Statement/Syntax Index

System Variable Index

Status Variable Index

Transaction Isolation Level Index