спецификации, руководства, описания, API

Chapter 7: Using Files and Format Converters

Most application programs that deal with sound need to read sound files or audio streams. This is common functionality, regardless of what the program may subsequently do with the data it reads (such as play, mix, or process it). Similarly, many programs need to write sound files (or streams). In some cases, the data that has been read (or that will be written) needs to be converted to a different format.

As was briefly mentioned in Chapter 3, "Accessing Audio System Resources," the Java^TM Sound API provides application developers with various facilities for file input/output and format translations. Application programs can read, write, and translate between a variety of sound file formats and audio data formats.

Chapter 2, "Overview of the Sampled Package," introduced the main classes related to sound files and audio data formats. As a review:

A stream of audio data, as might be read from or written to a file, is represented by an AudioInputStream object. (AudioInputStream inherits from java.io.InputStream.)
The format of this audio data is represented by an AudioFormat object.
This format specifies how the audio samples themselves are arranged, but not the structure of a file that they might be stored in. In other words, an AudioFormat describes "raw" audio data, such as the system might hand your program after capturing it from a microphone input or after parsing it from a sound file. An AudioFormat includes such information as the encoding, the byte order, the number of channels, the sampling rate, and the number of bits per sample.
There are several well-known, standard formats for sound files, such as WAV, AIFF, or AU. The different types of sound file have different structures for storing audio data as well as for storing descriptive information about the audio data. A sound file format is represented in the Java Sound API by an AudioFileFormat object. The AudioFileFormat includes an AudioFormat object to describe the format of the audio data stored in the file, and also includes information about the file type and the length of the data in the file.
The AudioSystem class provides methods for (1) storing a stream of audio data from an AudioInputStream into an audio file of a particular type (in other words, writing a file), (2) extracting a stream of audio bytes (an AudioInputStream) from an audio file (in other words, reading a file), and (3) converting audio data from one data format to another. The present chapter, which is divided into three sections, explains these three kinds of activity.

Note that an implementation of the Java Sound API does not necessarily provide comprehensive facilities for reading, writing, and converting audio in different data and file formats. It might support only the most common data and file formats. However, service providers can develop and distribute conversion services that extend this set, as outlined in Chapter 14, "Providing Sampled-Audio Services." The AudioSystem class supplies methods that allow application programs to learn what conversions are available, as described later in this chapter under "Converting File and Data Formats."

Reading Sound Files

The AudioSystem class provides two types of file-reading services:

Information about the format of the audio data stored in the sound file
A stream of formatted audio data that can be read from the sound file

The first of these is given by three variants of the getAudioFileFormat method:

static AudioFileFormat getAudioFileFormat (java.io.File file) static AudioFileFormat getAudioFileFormat(java.io.InputStream stream) static AudioFileFormat getAudioFileFormat (java.net.URL url)

As mentioned above, the returned AudioFileFormat object tells you the file type, the length of the data in the file, encoding, the byte order, the number of channels, the sampling rate, and the number of bits per sample.

The second type of file-reading functionality is given by these AudioSystem methods

static AudioInputStream getAudioInputStream (java.io.File file) static AudioInputStream getAudioInputStream (java.net.URL url) static AudioInputStream getAudioInputStream (java.io.InputStream stream)

These methods give you an object (an AudioInputStream) that lets you read the file's audio data, using one of the read methods of AudioInputStream. We'll see an example momentarily.

Suppose you're writing a sound-editing application that allows the user to load sound data from a file, display a corresponding waveform or spectrogram, edit the sound, play back the edited data, and save the result in a new file. Or perhaps your program will read the data stored in a file, apply some kind of signal processing (such as an algorithm that slows the sound down without changing its pitch), and then play the processed audio. In either case, you need to get access to the data contained in the audio file. Assuming that your program provides some means for the user to select or specify an input sound file, reading that file's audio data involves three steps:

Get an AudioInputStream object from the file.
Create a byte array in which you'll store successive chunks of data from the file.
Repeatedly read bytes from the audio input stream into the array. On each iteration, do something useful with the bytes in the array (for example, you might play them, filter them, analyze them, display them, or write them to another file).

The following code example outlines these steps.

int totalFramesRead = 0;
File fileIn = new File(somePathName);
// somePathName is a pre-existing string whose value was
// based on a user selection.
try {
  AudioInputStream audioInputStream = 
    AudioSystem.getAudioInputStream(fileIn);
  int bytesPerFrame = 
    audioInputStream.getFormat().getFrameSize();
  // Set an arbitrary buffer size of 1024 frames.
  int numBytes = 1024 * bytesPerFrame; 
  byte[] audioBytes = new byte[numBytes];
  try {
    int numBytesRead = 0;
    int numFramesRead = 0;
    // Try to read numBytes bytes from the file.
    while ((numBytesRead = 
      audioInputStream.read(audioBytes)) != -1) {
      // Calculate the number of frames actually read.
      numFramesRead = numBytesRead / bytesPerFrame;
      totalFramesRead += numFramesRead;
      // Here, do something useful with the audio data that's 
      // now in the audioBytes array...
    }
  } catch (Exception ex) { 
    // Handle the error...
  }
} catch (Exception e) {
  // Handle the error...
}

Let's take a look at what's happening in the above code sample. First, the outer try clause instantiates an AudioInputStream object through the call to the AudioSystem.getAudioInputStream(File) method. This method transparently performs all of the testing required to determine whether the specified file is actually a sound file of a type that is supported by the Java Sound API. If the file being inspected (fileIn in this example) is not a sound file, or is a sound file of some unsupported type, an UnsupportedAudioFileException exception is thrown. This behavior is convenient, in that the application programmer need not be bothered with testing file attributes, nor with adhering to any file-naming conventions. Instead, the getAudioInputStream method takes care of all the low-level parsing and verification that is required to validate the input file.

The outer try clause then creates a byte array, audioBytes, of an arbitrary fixed length. We make sure that its length in bytes equals an integral number of frames, so that we won't end up reading only part of a frame or, even worse, only part of a sample. This byte array will serve as a buffer to temporarily hold a chunk of audio data as it's read from the stream. If we knew we would be reading nothing but very short sound files, we could make this array the same length as the data in the file, by deriving the length in bytes from the length in frames, as returned by AudioInputStream's getFrameLength method. (Actually, we'd probably just use a Clip object instead.) But to avoid running out of memory in the general case, we instead read the file in chunks, one buffer at a time.

The inner try clause contains a while loop, which is where we read the audio data from the AudioInputStream into the byte array. You should add code in this loop to handle the audio data in this array in whatever way is appropriate for your program's needs. If you're applying some kind of signal processing to the data, you'll probably need to query the AudioInputStream's AudioFormat further, to learn the number of bits per sample and so on.

Note that the method AudioInputStream.read(byte[]) returns the number of bytes read—not the number of samples or frames. This method returns -1 when there's no more data to read. Upon detecting this condition, we break from the while loop.

Writing Sound Files

The previous section described the basics of reading a sound file, using specific methods of the AudioSystem and AudioInputStream classes. This section describes how to write audio data out to a new file.

The following AudioSystem method creates a disk file of a specified file type. The file will contain the audio data that's in the specified AudioInputStream:

static int write(AudioInputStream in, 
  AudioFileFormat.Type fileType, File out)

Note that the second argument must be one of the file types supported by the system (for example, AU, AIFF, or WAV), otherwise the write method will throw an IllegalArgumentException. To avoid this, you can test whether or not a particular AudioInputStream may be written to a particular type of file, by invoking this AudioSystem method:

static boolean isFileTypeSupported
  (AudioFileFormat.Type fileType, AudioInputStream stream)

which will return true only if the particular combination is supported.

More generally, you can learn what types of file the system can write by invoking one of these AudioSystem methods:

static AudioFileFormat.Type[] getAudioFileTypes() 
static AudioFileFormat.Type[]  
  getAudioFileTypes(AudioInputStream stream)

The first of these returns all the types of file that the system can write, and the second returns only those that the system can write from the given audio input stream.

The following excerpt demonstrates one technique for creating an output file from an AudioInputStream using the write method mentioned above.

File fileOut = new File(someNewPathName);
AudioFileFormat.Type fileType = fileFormat.getType();
if (AudioSystem.isFileTypeSupported(fileType, 
    audioInputStream)) {
  AudioSystem.write(audioInputStream, fileType, fileOut);
}

The first statement above, creates a new File object, fileOut, with a user- or program-specified pathname. The second statement gets a file type from a pre-existing AudioFileFormat object called fileFormat, which might have been obtained from another sound file, such as the one that was read in the "Reading Sound Files" section of this chapter. (You could instead supply whatever supported file type you want, instead of getting the file type from elsewhere. For example, you might delete the second statement and replace the other two occurrences of fileType in the code above with AudioFileFormat.Type.WAVE.)

The third statement tests whether a file of the designated type can be written from a desired AudioInputStream. Like the file format, this stream might have been derived from the sound file previously read. (If so, presumably you've processed or altered its data in some way, because otherwise there are easier ways to simply copy a file.) Or perhaps the stream contains bytes that have been freshly captured from the microphone input.

Finally, the stream, file type, and output file are passed to the AudioSystem.write method, to accomplish the goal of writing the file.

Converting File and Data Formats

Recall from the section "What Is Formatted Audio Data?" in Chapter 2, "Overview of the Sampled Package," that the Java Sound API distinguishes between audio file formats and audio data formats. The two are more or less independent. Roughly speaking, the data format refers to the way in which the computer represents each raw data point (sample), while the file format refers to the organization of a sound file as stored on a disk. Each sound file format has a particular structure that defines, for example, the information stored in the file's header. In some cases, the file format also includes structures that contain some form of meta-data, in addition to the actual "raw" audio samples. The remainder of this chapter examines methods of the Java Sound API that enable a variety of file-format and data-format conversions.

Converting from One File Format to Another

This section covers the fundamentals of converting audio file types in the Java Sound API. Once again we pose a hypothetical program whose purpose, this time, is to read audio data from an arbitrary input file and write it into a file whose type is AIFF. Of course, the input file must be of a type that the system is capable of reading, and the output file must be of a type that the system is capable of writing. (In this example, we assume that the system is capable of writing AIFF files.) The example program doesn't do any data format conversion. If the input file's data format can't be represented as an AIFF file, the program simply notifies the user of that problem. On the other hand, if the input sound file is an already an AIFF file, the program notifies the user that there is no need to convert it.

The following function implements the logic just described:

public void ConvertFileToAIFF(String inputPath, 
  String outputPath) {
  AudioFileFormat inFileFormat;
  File inFile;
  File outFile;
  try {
    inFile = new File(inputPath);
    outFile = new File(outputPath);	
  } catch (NullPointerException ex) {
    System.out.println("Error: one of the 
      ConvertFileToAIFF" +" parameters is null!");
    return;
  }
  try {
    // query file type
    inFileFormat = AudioSystem.getAudioFileFormat(inFile);
    if (inFileFormat.getType() != AudioFileFormat.Type.AIFF) 
    {
      // inFile is not AIFF, so let's try to convert it.
      AudioInputStream inFileAIS = 
        AudioSystem.getAudioInputStream(inFile);
      inFileAIS.reset(); // rewind
      if (AudioSystem.isFileTypeSupported(
             AudioFileFormat.Type.AIFF, inFileAIS)) {
         // inFileAIS can be converted to AIFF. 
         // so write the AudioInputStream to the
         // output file.
         AudioSystem.write(inFileAIS,
           AudioFileFormat.Type.AIFF, outFile);
         System.out.println("Successfully made AIFF file, "
           + outFile.getPath() + ", from "
           + inFileFormat.getType() + " file, " +
           inFile.getPath() + ".");
         inFileAIS.close();
         return; // All done now
       } else
         System.out.println("Warning: AIFF conversion of " 
           + inFile.getPath()
           + " is not currently supported by AudioSystem.");
    } else
      System.out.println("Input file " + inFile.getPath() +
          " is AIFF." + " Conversion is unnecessary.");
  } catch (UnsupportedAudioFileException e) {
    System.out.println("Error: " + inFile.getPath()
        + " is not a supported audio file type!");
    return;
  } catch (IOException e) {
    System.out.println("Error: failure attempting to read " 
      + inFile.getPath() + "!");
    return;
  }
}

As mentioned, the purpose of this example function, ConvertFileToAIFF, is to query an input file to determine whether it's an AIFF sound file, and if it isn't, to try to convert it to one, producing a new copy whose pathname is specified by the second argument. (As an exercise, you might try making this function more general, so that instead of always converting to AIFF, the function converts to the file type specified by a new function argument.) Note that the audio data format of the copy—that is, the new file-mimics the audio data format of original input file.

Most of this function is self-explanatory and is not specific to the Java Sound API. There are, however, a few Java Sound API methods used by the routine that are crucial for sound file-type conversions. These method invocations are all found in the second try clause, above, and include the following:

AudioSystem.getAudioFileFormat: used here to determine whether the input file is already an AIFF type. If so, the function quickly returns; otherwise the conversion attempt proceeds.
AudioSystem.isFileTypeSupported: Indicates whether the system can write a file of the specified type that contains audio data from the specified AudioInputStream. In our example, this method returns true if the specified audio input file can be converted to AIFF audio file format. If AudioFileFormat.Type.AIFF isn't supported, ConvertFileToAIFF issues a warning that the input file can't be converted, then returns.
AudioSystem.write: used here to write the audio data from the AudioInputStream inFileAIS to the output file outFile.

The second of these methods, isFileTypeSupported, helps to determine, in advance of the write, whether a particular input sound file can be converted to a particular output sound file type. In the next section we will see how, with a few modifications to this ConvertFileToAIFF sample routine, we can convert the audio data format, as well as the sound file type.

Converting Audio between Different Data Formats

The previous section showed how to use the Java Sound API to convert a file from one file format (that is, one type of sound file) to another. This section explores some of the methods that enable audio data format conversions.

In the previous section, we read data from a file of an arbitrary type, and saved it in an AIFF file. Note that although we changed the type of file used to store the data, we didn't change the format of the audio data itself. (Most common audio file types, including AIFF, can contain audio data of various formats.) So if the original file contained CD-quality audio data (16-bit sample size, 44.1-kHz sample rate, and two channels), so would our output AIFF file.

Now suppose that we want to specify the data format of the output file, as well as the file type. For example, perhaps we are saving many long files for use on the Internet, and are concerned about the amount of disk space and download time required by our files. We might choose to create smaller AIFF files that contain lower-resolution data-for example, data that has an 8-bit sample size, an 8-kHz sample rate, and a single channel.

Without going into as much coding detail as before, let's explore some of the methods used for data format conversion, and consider the modifications that we would need to make to the ConvertFileToAIFF function to accomplish the new goal.

The principal method for audio data conversion is, once again, found in the AudioSystem class. This method is a variant of getAudioInputStream:

AudioInputStream getAudioInputStream(AudioFormat
    format, AudioInputStream stream)

This function returns an AudioInputStream that is the result of converting the AudioInputStream, stream, using the indicated AudioFormat, format. If the conversion isn't supported by AudioSystem, this function throws an IllegalArgumentException.

To avoid that, we can first check whether the system can perform the required conversion by invoking this AudioSystem method:

boolean isConversionSupported(AudioFormat targetFormat,
    AudioFormat sourceFormat)

In this case, we'd pass stream.getFormat() as the second argument.

To create a specific AudioFormat object, we use one of the two AudioFormat constructors shown below, either

 AudioFormat(float sampleRate, int sampleSizeInBits,
    int channels, boolean signed, boolean bigEndian)

which constructs an AudioFormat with a linear PCM encoding and the given parameters, or

AudioFormat(AudioFormat.Encoding encoding, 
    float sampleRate, int sampleSizeInBits, int channels,
    int frameSize, float frameRate, boolean bigEndian)

which also constructs an AudioFormat, but lets you specify the encoding, frame size, and frame rate, in addition to the other parameters.

Now, armed with the methods above, let's see how we might extend our ConvertFileToAIFF function to perform the desired "low-res" audio data format conversion. First, we would construct an AudioFormat object describing the desired output audio data format. The following statement would suffice and could be inserted near the top of the function:

AudioFormat outDataFormat = new AudioFormat((float) 8000.0,
(int) 8, (int) 1, true, false);

Since the AudioFormat constructor above is describing a format with 8-bit samples, the last parameter to the constructor, which specifies whether the samples are big or little endian, is irrelevant. (Big versus little endian is only an issue if the sample size is greater than a single byte.)

The following example shows how we would use this new AudioFormat to convert the AudioInputStream, inFileAIS, that we created from the input file:

AudioInputStream lowResAIS;         
  if (AudioSystem.isConversionSupported(outDataFormat,   
    inFileAIS.getFormat())) {
    lowResAIS = AudioSystem.getAudioInputStream
      (outDataFormat, inFileAIS);
  }

It wouldn't matter too much where we inserted this code, as long as it was after the construction of inFileAIS. Without the isConversionSupported test, the call would fail and throw an IllegalArgumentException if the particular conversion being requested was unsupported. (In this case, control would transfer to the appropriate catch clause in our function.)

So by this point in the process, we would have produced a new AudioInputStream, resulting from the conversion of the original input file (in its AudioInputStream form) to the desired low-resolution audio data format as defined by outDataFormat.

The final step to produce the desired low-resolution, AIFF sound file would be to replace the AudioInputStream parameter in the call to AudioSystem.write (that is, the first parameter) with our converted stream, lowResAIS, as follows:

AudioSystem.write(lowResAIS, AudioFileFormat.Type.AIFF, 
  outFile);

These few modifications to our earlier function produce something that converts both the audio data and the file format of any specified input file, assuming of course that the system supports the conversion.

Learning What Conversions Are Available

Several AudioSystem methods test their parameters to determine whether the system supports a particular data format conversion or file-writing operation. (Typically, each method is paired with another that performs the data conversion or writes the file.) One of these query methods, AudioSystem.isFileTypeSupported, was used in our example function, ConvertFileToAIFF, to determine whether the system was capable of writing the audio data to an AIFF file. A related AudioSystem method, getAudioFileTypes(AudioInputStream), returns the complete list of supported file types for the given stream, as an array of AudioFileFormat.Type instances. The method:

boolean isConversionSupported(AudioFormat.Encoding encoding, 
                              AudioFormat format)

is used to determine whether an audio input stream of the specified encoding can be obtained from an audio input stream that has the specified audio format. Similarly, the method:

boolean isConversionSupported(AudioFormat newFormat,
                              AudioFormat oldFormat)

tells us whether an AudioInputStream with the specified audio format, newFormat, can be obtained through the conversion of an AudioInputStream that has the audio format oldFormat. (This method was invoked in the previous section's code excerpt that created a low-resolution audio input stream, lowResAIS.)

These format-related queries help prevent errors when attempting to perform format conversions with the Java Sound API.