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GIT-PUSH(1)                                      Git Manual                                      GIT-PUSH(1)



NAME
       git-push - Update remote refs along with associated objects

SYNOPSIS
       git push [--all | --mirror | --tags] [--follow-tags] [-n | --dry-run] [--receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>]
                  [--repo=<repository>] [-f | --force] [--prune] [-v | --verbose] [-u | --set-upstream]
                  [<repository> [<refspec>...]]


DESCRIPTION
       Updates remote refs using local refs, while sending objects necessary to complete the given refs.

       You can make interesting things happen to a repository every time you push into it, by setting up
       hooks there. See documentation for git-receive-pack(1).

       When the command line does not specify where to push with the <repository> argument, branch.*.remote
       configuration for the current branch is consulted to determine where to push. If the configuration is
       missing, it defaults to origin.

       When the command line does not specify what to push with <refspec>... arguments or --all, --mirror,
       --tags options, the command finds the default <refspec> by consulting remote.*.push configuration,
       and if it is not found, honors push.default configuration to decide what to push (See
       gitlink:git-config[1] for the meaning of push.default).

OPTIONS
       <repository>
           The "remote" repository that is destination of a push operation. This parameter can be either a
           URL (see the section GIT URLS below) or the name of a remote (see the section REMOTES below).

       <refspec>...
           Specify what destination ref to update with what source object. The format of a <refspec>
           parameter is an optional plus +, followed by the source object <src>, followed by a colon :,
           followed by the destination ref <dst>.

           The <src> is often the name of the branch you would want to push, but it can be any arbitrary
           "SHA-1 expression", such as master~4 or HEAD (see gitrevisions(7)).

           The <dst> tells which ref on the remote side is updated with this push. Arbitrary expressions
           cannot be used here, an actual ref must be named. If :<dst> is omitted, the same ref as <src>
           will be updated.

           The object referenced by <src> is used to update the <dst> reference on the remote side. By
           default this is only allowed if <dst> is not a tag (annotated or lightweight), and then only if
           it can fast-forward <dst>. By having the optional leading +, you can tell Git to update the <dst>
           ref even if it is not allowed by default (e.g., it is not a fast-forward.) This does not attempt
           to merge <src> into <dst>. See EXAMPLES below for details.

           tag <tag> means the same as refs/tags/<tag>:refs/tags/<tag>.

           Pushing an empty <src> allows you to delete the <dst> ref from the remote repository.

           The special refspec : (or +: to allow non-fast-forward updates) directs Git to push "matching"
           branches: for every branch that exists on the local side, the remote side is updated if a branch
           of the same name already exists on the remote side.

       --all
           Instead of naming each ref to push, specifies that all refs under refs/heads/ be pushed.

       --prune
           Remove remote branches that don't have a local counterpart. For example a remote branch tmp will
           be removed if a local branch with the same name doesn't exist any more. This also respects
           refspecs, e.g.  git push --prune remote refs/heads/*:refs/tmp/* would make sure that remote
           refs/tmp/foo will be removed if refs/heads/foo doesn't exist.

       --mirror
           Instead of naming each ref to push, specifies that all refs under refs/ (which includes but is
           not limited to refs/heads/, refs/remotes/, and refs/tags/) be mirrored to the remote repository.
           Newly created local refs will be pushed to the remote end, locally updated refs will be force
           updated on the remote end, and deleted refs will be removed from the remote end. This is the
           default if the configuration option remote.<remote>.mirror is set.

       -n, --dry-run
           Do everything except actually send the updates.

       --porcelain
           Produce machine-readable output. The output status line for each ref will be tab-separated and
           sent to stdout instead of stderr. The full symbolic names of the refs will be given.

       --delete
           All listed refs are deleted from the remote repository. This is the same as prefixing all refs
           with a colon.

       --tags
           All refs under refs/tags are pushed, in addition to refspecs explicitly listed on the command
           line.

       --follow-tags
           Push all the refs that would be pushed without this option, and also push annotated tags in
           refs/tags that are missing from the remote but are pointing at committish that are reachable from
           the refs being pushed.

       --receive-pack=<git-receive-pack>, --exec=<git-receive-pack>
           Path to the git-receive-pack program on the remote end. Sometimes useful when pushing to a remote
           repository over ssh, and you do not have the program in a directory on the default $PATH.

       -f, --force
           Usually, the command refuses to update a remote ref that is not an ancestor of the local ref used
           to overwrite it. This flag disables the check. This can cause the remote repository to lose
           commits; use it with care.

       --repo=<repository>
           This option is only relevant if no <repository> argument is passed in the invocation. In this
           case, git push derives the remote name from the current branch: If it tracks a remote branch,
           then that remote repository is pushed to. Otherwise, the name "origin" is used. For this latter
           case, this option can be used to override the name "origin". In other words, the difference
           between these two commands

               git push public         #1
               git push --repo=public  #2

           is that #1 always pushes to "public" whereas #2 pushes to "public" only if the current branch
           does not track a remote branch. This is useful if you write an alias or script around git push.

       -u, --set-upstream
           For every branch that is up to date or successfully pushed, add upstream (tracking) reference,
           used by argument-less git-pull(1) and other commands. For more information, see
           branch.<name>.merge in git-config(1).

       --[no-]thin
           These options are passed to git-send-pack(1). A thin transfer significantly reduces the amount of
           sent data when the sender and receiver share many of the same objects in common. The default is
           --thin.

       -q, --quiet
           Suppress all output, including the listing of updated refs, unless an error occurs. Progress is
           not reported to the standard error stream.

       -v, --verbose
           Run verbosely.

       --progress
           Progress status is reported on the standard error stream by default when it is attached to a
           terminal, unless -q is specified. This flag forces progress status even if the standard error
           stream is not directed to a terminal.

       --recurse-submodules=check|on-demand
           Make sure all submodule commits used by the revisions to be pushed are available on a
           remote-tracking branch. If check is used Git will verify that all submodule commits that changed
           in the revisions to be pushed are available on at least one remote of the submodule. If any
           commits are missing the push will be aborted and exit with non-zero status. If on-demand is used
           all submodules that changed in the revisions to be pushed will be pushed. If on-demand was not
           able to push all necessary revisions it will also be aborted and exit with non-zero status.

GIT URLS
       In general, URLs contain information about the transport protocol, the address of the remote server,
       and the path to the repository. Depending on the transport protocol, some of this information may be
       absent.

       Git supports ssh, git, http, and https protocols (in addition, ftp, and ftps can be used for fetching
       and rsync can be used for fetching and pushing, but these are inefficient and deprecated; do not use
       them).

       The following syntaxes may be used with them:

       •   ssh://[user@]host.xz[:port]/path/to/repo.git/

       •   git://host.xz[:port]/path/to/repo.git/

       •   http[s]://host.xz[:port]/path/to/repo.git/

       •   ftp[s]://host.xz[:port]/path/to/repo.git/

       •   rsync://host.xz/path/to/repo.git/

       An alternative scp-like syntax may also be used with the ssh protocol:

       •   [user@]host.xz:path/to/repo.git/

       The ssh and git protocols additionally support ~username expansion:

       •   ssh://[user@]host.xz[:port]/~[user]/path/to/repo.git/

       •   git://host.xz[:port]/~[user]/path/to/repo.git/

       •   [user@]host.xz:/~[user]/path/to/repo.git/

       For local repositories, also supported by Git natively, the following syntaxes may be used:

       •   /path/to/repo.git/

       •    file:///path/to/repo.git/

       These two syntaxes are mostly equivalent, except when cloning, when the former implies --local
       option. See git-clone(1) for details.

       When Git doesn't know how to handle a certain transport protocol, it attempts to use the
       remote-<transport> remote helper, if one exists. To explicitly request a remote helper, the following
       syntax may be used:

       •   <transport>::<address>

       where <address> may be a path, a server and path, or an arbitrary URL-like string recognized by the
       specific remote helper being invoked. See gitremote-helpers(1) for details.

       If there are a large number of similarly-named remote repositories and you want to use a different
       format for them (such that the URLs you use will be rewritten into URLs that work), you can create a
       configuration section of the form:

                   [url "<actual url base>"]
                           insteadOf = <other url base>


       For example, with this:

                   [url "git://git.host.xz/"]
                           insteadOf = host.xz:/path/to/
                           insteadOf = work:


       a URL like "work:repo.git" or like "host.xz:/path/to/repo.git" will be rewritten in any context that
       takes a URL to be "git://git.host.xz/repo.git".

       If you want to rewrite URLs for push only, you can create a configuration section of the form:

                   [url "<actual url base>"]
                           pushInsteadOf = <other url base>


       For example, with this:

                   [url "ssh://example.org/"]
                           pushInsteadOf = git://example.org/


       a URL like "git://example.org/path/to/repo.git" will be rewritten to
       "ssh://example.org/path/to/repo.git" for pushes, but pulls will still use the original URL.

REMOTES
       The name of one of the following can be used instead of a URL as <repository> argument:

       •   a remote in the Git configuration file: $GIT_DIR/config,

       •   a file in the $GIT_DIR/remotes directory, or

       •   a file in the $GIT_DIR/branches directory.

       All of these also allow you to omit the refspec from the command line because they each contain a
       refspec which git will use by default.

   Named remote in configuration file
       You can choose to provide the name of a remote which you had previously configured using git-remote(1), gitremote(1),
       remote(1), git-config(1) or even by a manual edit to the $GIT_DIR/config file. The URL of this remote
       will be used to access the repository. The refspec of this remote will be used by default when you do
       not provide a refspec on the command line. The entry in the config file would appear like this:

                   [remote "<name>"]
                           url = <url>
                           pushurl = <pushurl>
                           push = <refspec>
                           fetch = <refspec>


       The <pushurl> is used for pushes only. It is optional and defaults to <url>.

   Named file in $GIT_DIR/remotes
       You can choose to provide the name of a file in $GIT_DIR/remotes. The URL in this file will be used
       to access the repository. The refspec in this file will be used as default when you do not provide a
       refspec on the command line. This file should have the following format:

                   URL: one of the above URL format
                   Push: <refspec>
                   Pull: <refspec>


       Push: lines are used by git push and Pull: lines are used by git pull and git fetch. Multiple Push:
       and Pull: lines may be specified for additional branch mappings.

   Named file in $GIT_DIR/branches
       You can choose to provide the name of a file in $GIT_DIR/branches. The URL in this file will be used
       to access the repository. This file should have the following format:

                   <url>#<head>


       <url> is required; #<head> is optional.

       Depending on the operation, git will use one of the following refspecs, if you don't provide one on
       the command line. <branch> is the name of this file in $GIT_DIR/branches and <head> defaults to
       master.

       git fetch uses:

                   refs/heads/<head>:refs/heads/<branch>


       git push uses:

                   HEAD:refs/heads/<head>


OUTPUT
       The output of "git push" depends on the transport method used; this section describes the output when
       pushing over the Git protocol (either locally or via ssh).

       The status of the push is output in tabular form, with each line representing the status of a single
       ref. Each line is of the form:

            <flag> <summary> <from> -> <to> (<reason>)


       If --porcelain is used, then each line of the output is of the form:

            <flag> \t <from>:<to> \t <summary> (<reason>)


       The status of up-to-date refs is shown only if --porcelain or --verbose option is used.

       flag
           A single character indicating the status of the ref:

           (space)
               for a successfully pushed fast-forward;

           +
               for a successful forced update;

           -for update;for
               for a successfully deleted ref;

           *
               for a successfully pushed new ref;

           !
               for a ref that was rejected or failed to push; and

           =
               for a ref that was up to date and did not need pushing.

       summary
           For a successfully pushed ref, the summary shows the old and new values of the ref in a form
           suitable for using as an argument to git log (this is <old>..<new> in most cases, and
           <old>...<new> for forced non-fast-forward updates).

           For a failed update, more details are given:

           rejected
               Git did not try to send the ref at all, typically because it is not a fast-forward and you
               did not force the update.

           remote rejected
               The remote end refused the update. Usually caused by a hook on the remote side, or because
               the remote repository has one of the following safety options in effect:
               receive.denyCurrentBranch (for pushes to the checked out branch), receive.denyNonFastForwards
               (for forced non-fast-forward updates), receive.denyDeletes or receive.denyDeleteCurrent. See
               git-config(1).

           remote failure
               The remote end did not report the successful update of the ref, perhaps because of a
               temporary error on the remote side, a break in the network connection, or other transient
               error.

       from
           The name of the local ref being pushed, minus its refs/<type>/ prefix. In the case of deletion,
           the name of the local ref is omitted.

       to
           The name of the remote ref being updated, minus its refs/<type>/ prefix.

       reason
           A human-readable explanation. In the case of successfully pushed refs, no explanation is needed.
           For a failed ref, the reason for failure is described.

NOTE ABOUT FAST-FORWARDS
       When an update changes a branch (or more in general, a ref) that used to point at commit A to point
       at another commit B, it is called a fast-forward update if and only if B is a descendant of A.

       In a fast-forward update from A to B, the set of commits that the original commit A built on top of
       is a subset of the commits the new commit B builds on top of. Hence, it does not lose any history.

       In contrast, a non-fast-forward update will lose history. For example, suppose you and somebody else
       started at the same commit X, and you built a history leading to commit B while the other person
       built a history leading to commit A. The history looks like this:

                 B
                /
            ---X---A


       Further suppose that the other person already pushed changes leading to A back to the original
       repository from which you two obtained the original commit X.

       The push done by the other person updated the branch that used to point at commit X to point at
       commit A. It is a fast-forward.

       But if you try to push, you will attempt to update the branch (that now points at A) with commit B.
       This does not fast-forward. If you did so, the changes introduced by commit A will be lost, because
       everybody will now start building on top of B.

       The command by default does not allow an update that is not a fast-forward to prevent such loss of
       history.

       If you do not want to lose your work (history from X to B) nor the work by the other person (history
       from X to A), you would need to first fetch the history from the repository, create a history that
       contains changes done by both parties, and push the result back.

       You can perform "git pull", resolve potential conflicts, and "git push" the result. A "git pull" will
       create a merge commit C between commits A and B.

                 B---C
                /   /
            ---X---A


       Updating A with the resulting merge commit will fast-forward and your push will be accepted.

       Alternatively, you can rebase your change between X and B on top of A, with "git pull --rebase", and
       push the result back. The rebase will create a new commit D that builds the change between X and B on
       top of A.

                 B   D
                /   /
            ---X---A


       Again, updating A with this commit will fast-forward and your push will be accepted.

       There is another common situation where you may encounter non-fast-forward rejection when you try to
       push, and it is possible even when you are pushing into a repository nobody else pushes into. After
       you push commit A yourself (in the first picture in this section), replace it with "git commit
       --amend" to produce commit B, and you try to push it out, because forgot that you have pushed A out
       already. In such a case, and only if you are certain that nobody in the meantime fetched your earlier
       commit A (and started building on top of it), you can run "git push --force" to overwrite it. In
       other words, "git push --force" is a method reserved for a case where you do mean to lose history.

EXAMPLES
       git push
           Works like git push <remote>, where <remote> is the current branch's remote (or origin, if no
           remote is configured for the current branch).

       git push origin
           Without additional configuration, works like git push origin :.

           The default behavior of this command when no <refspec> is given can be configured by setting the
           push option of the remote, or the push.default configuration variable.

           For example, to default to pushing only the current branch to origin use git config
           remote.origin.push HEAD. Any valid <refspec> (like the ones in the examples below) can be
           configured as the default for git push origin.

       git push origin :
           Push "matching" branches to origin. See <refspec> in the OPTIONS section above for a description
           of "matching" branches.

       git push origin master
           Find a ref that matches master in the source repository (most likely, it would find
           refs/heads/master), and update the same ref (e.g.  refs/heads/master) in origin repository with
           it. If master did not exist remotely, it would be created.

       git push origin HEAD
           A handy way to push the current branch to the same name on the remote.

       git push mothership master:satellite/master dev:satellite/dev
           Use the source ref that matches master (e.g.  refs/heads/master) to update the ref that matches
           satellite/master (most probably refs/remotes/satellite/master) in the mothership repository; do
           the same for dev and satellite/dev.

           This is to emulate git fetch run on the mothership using git push that is run in the opposite
           direction in order to integrate the work done on satellite, and is often necessary when you can
           only make connection in one way (i.e. satellite can ssh into mothership but mothership cannot
           initiate connection to satellite because the latter is behind a firewall or does not run sshd).

           After running this git push on the satellite machine, you would ssh into the mothership and run
           git merge there to complete the emulation of git pull that were run on mothership to pull changes
           made on satellite.

       git push origin HEAD:master
           Push the current branch to the remote ref matching master in the origin repository. This form is
           convenient to push the current branch without thinking about its local name.

       git push origin master:refs/heads/experimental
           Create the branch experimental in the origin repository by copying the current master branch.
           This form is only needed to create a new branch or tag in the remote repository when the local
           name and the remote name are different; otherwise, the ref name on its own will work.

       git push origin :experimental
           Find a ref that matches experimental in the origin repository (e.g.  refs/heads/experimental),
           and delete it.

       git push origin +dev:master
           Update the origin repository's master branch with the dev branch, allowing non-fast-forward
           updates.  This can leave unreferenced commits dangling in the origin repository.  Consider the
           following situation, where a fast-forward is not possible:

                           o---o---o---A---B  origin/master
                                    \
                                     X---Y---Z  dev

           The above command would change the origin repository to

                                     A---B  (unnamed branch)
                                    /
                           o---o---o---X---Y---Z  master

           Commits A and B would no longer belong to a branch with a symbolic name, and so would be
           unreachable. As such, these commits would be removed by a git gc command on the origin
           repository.

GIT
       Part of the git(1) suite



Git 1.8.3                                        05/24/2013                                      GIT-PUSH(1)