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LS(1) BSD General Commands Manual LS(1)
NAME
ls -- list directory contents
SYNOPSIS
ls [-ABCFGHLOPRSTUW@abcdefghiklmnopqrstuwx1] [file ...]
DESCRIPTION
For each operand that names a file of a type other than directory, ls displays its name as well as any
requested, associated information. For each operand that names a file of type directory, ls displays
the names of files contained within that directory, as well as any requested, associated information.
If no operands are given, the contents of the current directory are displayed. If more than one oper-and operand
and is given, non-directory operands are displayed first; directory and non-directory operands are
sorted separately and in lexicographical order.
The following options are available:
-@ Display extended attribute keys and sizes in long (-l) output.
-1 (The numeric digit ``one''.) Force output to be one entry per line. This is the default when
output is not to a terminal.
-A List all entries except for . and ... Always set for the super-user.
-a Include directory entries whose names begin with a dot (.).
-B Force printing of non-printable characters (as defined by ctype(3) and current locale settings)
in file names as \xxx, where xxx is the numeric value of the character in octal.
-b As -B, but use C escape codes whenever possible.
-C Force multi-column output; this is the default when output is to a terminal.
-c Use time when file status was last changed for sorting (-t) or long printing (-l).
-d Directories are listed as plain files (not searched recursively).
-e Print the Access Control List (ACL) associated with the file, if present, in long (-l) output.
-F Display a slash (`/') immediately after each pathname that is a directory, an asterisk (`*')
after each that is executable, an at sign (`@') after each symbolic link, an equals sign (`=')
after each socket, a percent sign (`%') after each whiteout, and a vertical bar (`|') after
each that is a FIFO.
-f Output is not sorted. This option turns on the -a option.
-G Enable colorized output. This option is equivalent to defining CLICOLOR in the environment.
(See below.)
-g This option is only available for compatibility with POSIX; it is used to display the group
name in the long (-l) format output (the owner name is suppressed).
-H Symbolic links on the command line are followed. This option is assumed if none of the -F, -d,
or -l options are specified.
-h When used with the -l option, use unit suffixes: Byte, Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte, Terabyte
and Petabyte in order to reduce the number of digits to three or less using base 2 for sizes.
-i For each file, print the file's file serial number (inode number).
-k If the -s option is specified, print the file size allocation in kilobytes, not blocks. This
option overrides the environment variable BLOCKSIZE.
-L Follow all symbolic links to final target and list the file or directory the link references
rather than the link itself. This option cancels the -P option.
-l (The lowercase letter ``ell''.) List in long format. (See below.) If the output is to a ter-minal, terminal,
minal, a total sum for all the file sizes is output on a line before the long listing.
-m Stream output format; list files across the page, separated by commas.
-n Display user and group IDs numerically, rather than converting to a user or group name in a
long (-l) output. This option turns on the -l option.
-O Include the file flags in a long (-l) output.
-o List in long format, but omit the group id.
-P If argument is a symbolic link, list the link itself rather than the object the link refer-ences. references.
ences. This option cancels the -H and -L options.
-p Write a slash (`/') after each filename if that file is a directory.
-q Force printing of non-graphic characters in file names as the character `?'; this is the
default when output is to a terminal.
-R Recursively list subdirectories encountered.
-r Reverse the order of the sort to get reverse lexicographical order or the oldest entries first
(or largest files last, if combined with sort by size
-S Sort files by size
-s Display the number of file system blocks actually used by each file, in units of 512 bytes,
where partial units are rounded up to the next integer value. If the output is to a terminal,
a total sum for all the file sizes is output on a line before the listing. The environment
variable BLOCKSIZE overrides the unit size of 512 bytes.
-T When used with the -l (lowercase letter ``ell'') option, display complete time information for
the file, including month, day, hour, minute, second, and year.
-t Sort by time modified (most recently modified first) before sorting the operands by lexico-graphical lexicographical
graphical order.
-u Use time of last access, instead of last modification of the file for sorting (-t) or long
printing (-l).
-U Use time of file creation, instead of last modification for sorting (-t) or long output (-l).
-v Force unedited printing of non-graphic characters; this is the default when output is not to a
terminal.
-W Display whiteouts when scanning directories. (-S) flag).
-w Force raw printing of non-printable characters. This is the default when output is not to a
terminal.
-x The same as -C, except that the multi-column output is produced with entries sorted across,
rather than down, the columns.
The -1, -C, -x, and -l options all override each other; the last one specified determines the format
used.
The -c and -u options override each other; the last one specified determines the file time used.
The -B, -b, -w, and -q options all override each other; the last one specified determines the format
used for non-printable characters.
The -H, -L and -P options all override each other (either partially or fully); they are applied in the
order specified.
By default, ls lists one entry per line to standard output; the exceptions are to terminals or when the
-C or -x options are specified.
File information is displayed with one or more <blank>s separating the information associated with the
-i, -s, and -l options.
The Long Format
If the -l option is given, the following information is displayed for each file: file mode, number of
links, owner name, group name, number of bytes in the file, abbreviated month, day-of-month file was
last modified, hour file last modified, minute file last modified, and the pathname. In addition, for
each directory whose contents are displayed, the total number of 512-byte blocks used by the files in
the directory is displayed on a line by itself, immediately before the information for the files in the
directory. If the file or directory has extended attributes, the permissions field printed by the -l
option is followed by a '@' character. Otherwise, if the file or directory has extended security
information (such as an access control list), the permissions field printed by the -l option is fol-lowed followed
lowed by a '+' character.
If the modification time of the file is more than 6 months in the past or future, then the year of the
last modification is displayed in place of the hour and minute fields.
If the owner or group names are not a known user or group name, or the -n option is given, the numeric
ID's are displayed.
If the file is a character special or block special file, the major and minor device numbers for the
file are displayed in the size field. If the file is a symbolic link, the pathname of the linked-to
file is preceded by ``->''.
The file mode printed under the -l option consists of the entry type, owner permissions, and group per-missions. permissions.
missions. The entry type character describes the type of file, as follows:
b Block special file.
c Character special file.
d Directory.
l Symbolic link.
s Socket link.
p FIFO.
- Regular file.
The next three fields are three characters each: owner permissions, group permissions, and other per-missions. permissions.
missions. Each field has three character positions:
1. If r, the file is readable; if -, it is not readable.
2. If w, the file is writable; if -, it is not writable.
3. The first of the following that applies:
S If in the owner permissions, the file is not executable and set-user-ID mode is
set. If in the group permissions, the file is not executable and set-group-ID
mode is set.
s If in the owner permissions, the file is executable and set-user-ID mode is set.
If in the group permissions, the file is executable and setgroup-ID mode is set.
x The file is executable or the directory is searchable.
- The file is neither readable, writable, executable, nor set-user-ID nor set-group-ID setgroup-ID
group-ID mode, nor sticky. (See below.)
These next two apply only to the third character in the last group (other permissions).
T The sticky bit is set (mode 1000), but not execute or search permission. (See
chmod(1) or sticky(8).)
t The sticky bit is set (mode 1000), and is searchable or executable. (See
chmod(1) or sticky(8).)
EXAMPLES
The following is how to do an ls listing sorted by increasing size
ls -lrS
DIAGNOSTICS
The ls utility exits 0 on success, and >0 if an error occurs.
ENVIRONMENT
The following environment variables affect the execution of ls:
BLOCKSIZE If the environment variable BLOCKSIZE is set, the block counts (see -s) will be dis-played displayed
played in units of that size block.
CLICOLOR Use ANSI color sequences to distinguish file types. See LSCOLORS below. In addition
to the file types mentioned in the -F option some extra attributes (setuid bit set,
etc.) are also displayed. The colorization is dependent on a terminal type with the
proper termcap(5) capabilities. The default ``cons25'' console has the proper capabil-ities, capabilities,
ities, but to display the colors in an xterm(1), for example, the TERM variable must be
set to ``xterm-color''. Other terminal types may require similar adjustments. Col-orization Colorization
orization is silently disabled if the output isn't directed to a terminal unless the
CLICOLOR_FORCE variable is defined.
CLICOLOR_FORCE Color sequences are normally disabled if the output isn't directed to a terminal. This
can be overridden by setting this flag. The TERM variable still needs to reference a
color capable terminal however otherwise it is not possible to determine which color
sequences to use.
COLUMNS If this variable contains a string representing a decimal integer, it is used as the
column position width for displaying multiple-text-column output. The ls utility cal-culates calculates
culates how many pathname text columns to display based on the width provided. (See -C
and -x.)
LANG The locale to use when determining the order of day and month in the long -l format
output. See environ(7) for more information.
LSCOLORS The value of this variable describes what color to use for which attribute when colors
are enabled with CLICOLOR. This string is a concatenation of pairs of the format fb,
where f is the foreground color and b is the background color.
The color designators are as follows:
a black
b red
c green
d brown
e blue
f magenta
g cyan
h light grey
A bold black, usually shows up as dark grey
B bold red
C bold green
D bold brown, usually shows up as yellow
E bold blue
F bold magenta
G bold cyan
H bold light grey; looks like bright white
x default foreground or background
Note that the above are standard ANSI colors. The actual display may differ depending
on the color capabilities of the terminal in use.
The order of the attributes are as follows:
1. directory
2. symbolic link
3. socket
4. pipe
5. executable
6. block special
7. character special
8. executable with setuid bit set
9. executable with setgid bit set
10. directory writable to others, with sticky bit
11. directory writable to others, without sticky bit
The default is "exfxcxdxbxegedabagacad", i.e. blue foreground and default background
for regular directories, black foreground and red background for setuid executables,
etc.
LS_COLWIDTHS If this variable is set, it is considered to be a colon-delimited list of minimum col-umn column
umn widths. Unreasonable and insufficient widths are ignored (thus zero signifies a
dynamically sized column). Not all columns have changeable widths. The fields are, in
order: inode, block count, number of links, user name, group name, flags, file size,
file name.
TERM The CLICOLOR functionality depends on a terminal type with color capabilities.
TZ The timezone to use when displaying dates. See environ(7) for more information.
COMPATIBILITY
The group field is now automatically included in the long listing for files in order to be compatible
with the IEEE Std 1003.2 (``POSIX.2'') specification.
LEGACY DESCRIPTION
In legacy mode, the -f option does not turn on the -a option and the -g, -n, and -o options do not turn
on the -l option.
Also, the -o option causes the file flags to be included in a long (-l) output; there is no -O option.
When -H is specified (and not overridden by -L or -P) and a file argument is a symlink that resolves to
a non-directory file, the output will reflect the nature of the link, rather than that of the file. In
legacy operation, the output will describe the file.
For more information about legacy mode, see compat(5).
SEE ALSO
chflags(1), chmod(1), sort(1), xterm(1), compat(5), termcap(5), symlink(7), sticky(8)
STANDARDS
The ls utility conforms to IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 (``POSIX.1'').
HISTORY
An ls command appeared in Version 1 AT&T UNIX.
BUGS
To maintain backward compatibility, the relationships between the many options are quite complex.
BSD May 19, 2002 BSD
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