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GLOB(3)                  BSD Library Functions Manual                  GLOB(3)

NAME
     glob, glob_b, globfree -- generate pathnames matching a pattern

SYNOPSIS
     #include <glob.h>

     int
     glob(const char *restrict pattern, int flags, int (*errfunc)(const char *epath, int errno),
         glob_t *restrict pglob);

     int
     glob_b(const char *restrict pattern, int flags, int (^errblk)(const char *epath, int errno),
         glob_t *restrict pglob);

     void
     globfree(glob_t *pglob);

DESCRIPTION
     The glob() function is a pathname generator that implements the rules for file name pattern matching
     used by the shell.

     The include file <glob.h> defines the structure type glob_t, which contains at least the following
     fields:

     typedef struct {
             size_t gl_pathc;        /* count of total paths so far */
             int gl_matchc;          /* count of paths matching pattern */
             size_t gl_offs;         /* reserved at beginning of gl_pathv */
             int gl_flags;           /* returned flags */
             char **gl_pathv;        /* list of paths matching pattern */
     } glob_t;

     The argument pattern is a pointer to a pathname pattern to be expanded.  The glob() argument matches
     all accessible pathnames against the pattern and creates a list of the pathnames that match.  In order
     to have access to a pathname, glob() requires search permission on every component of a path except the
     last and read permission on each directory of any filename component of pattern that contains any of
     the special characters `*', `?' or `['.

     The glob() argument stores the number of matched pathnames into the gl_pathc field, and a pointer to a
     list of pointers to pathnames into the gl_pathv field.  The first pointer after the last pathname is
     NULL.  If the pattern does not match any pathnames, the returned number of matched paths is set to
     zero.

     It is the caller's responsibility to create the structure pointed to by pglob.  The glob() function
     allocates other space as needed, including the memory pointed to by gl_pathv.

     The argument flags is used to modify the behavior of glob().  The value of flags is the bitwise inclu-sive inclusive
     sive OR of any of the following values defined in <glob.h>:

     GLOB_APPEND      Append pathnames generated to the ones from a previous call (or calls) to glob().  The
                      value of gl_pathc will be the total matches found by this call and the previous
                      call(s).  The pathnames are appended to, not merged with the pathnames returned by the
                      previous call(s).  Between calls, the caller must not change the setting of the
                      GLOB_DOOFFS flag, nor change the value of gl_offs when GLOB_DOOFFS is set, nor (obvi-ously) (obviously)
                      ously) call globfree() for pglob.

     GLOB_DOOFFS      Make use of the gl_offs field.  If this flag is set, gl_offs is used to specify how
                      many NULL pointers to prepend to the beginning of the gl_pathv field.  In other words,
                      gl_pathv will point to gl_offs NULL pointers, followed by gl_pathc pathname pointers,
                      followed by a NULL pointer.

     GLOB_ERR         Causes glob() to return when it encounters a directory that it cannot open or read.
                      Ordinarily, glob() continues to find matches.

     GLOB_MARK        Each pathname that is a directory that matches pattern has a slash appended.

     GLOB_NOCHECK     If pattern does not match any pathname, then glob() returns a list consisting of only
                      pattern, with the number of total pathnames set to 1, and the number of matched path-names pathnames
                      names set to 0.  The effect of backslash escaping is present in the pattern returned.

     GLOB_NOESCAPE    By default, a backslash (`\') character is used to escape the following character in
                      the pattern, avoiding any special interpretation of the character.  If GLOB_NOESCAPE
                      is set, backslash escaping is disabled.

     GLOB_NOSORT      By default, the pathnames are sorted in ascending ASCII order; this flag prevents that
                      sorting (speeding up glob()).

     The following values may also be included in flags, however, they are non-standard extensions to IEEE
     Std 1003.2 (``POSIX.2'').

     GLOB_ALTDIRFUNC  The following additional fields in the pglob structure have been initialized with
                      alternate functions for glob to use to open, read, and close directories and to get
                      stat information on names found in those directories.

                      void *(*gl_opendir)(const char * name);
                      struct dirent *(*gl_readdir)(void *);
                      void (*gl_closedir)(void *);
                      int (*gl_lstat)(const char *name, struct stat *st);
                      int (*gl_stat)(const char *name, struct stat *st);

                      This extension is provided to allow programs such as restore(8) to provide globbing
                      from directories stored on tape.

     GLOB_BRACE       Pre-process the pattern string to expand `{pat,pat,...}' strings like csh(1).  The
                      pattern `{}' is left unexpanded for historical reasons (and csh(1) does the same thing
                      to ease typing of find(1) patterns).

     GLOB_MAGCHAR     Set by the glob() function if the pattern included globbing characters.  See the
                      description of the usage of the gl_matchc structure member for more details.

     GLOB_NOMAGIC     Is the same as GLOB_NOCHECK but it only appends the pattern if it does not contain any
                      of the special characters ``*'', ``?'' or ``[''.  GLOB_NOMAGIC is provided to simplify
                      implementing the historic csh(1) globbing behavior and should probably not be used
                      anywhere else.

     GLOB_TILDE       Expand patterns that start with `~' to user name home directories.

     GLOB_LIMIT       Limit the total number of returned pathnames to the value provided in gl_matchc
                      (default ARG_MAX).  This option should be set for programs that can be coerced into a
                      denial of service attack via patterns that expand to a very large number of matches,
                      such as a long string of `*/../*/..'.

     If, during the search, a directory is encountered that cannot be opened or read and errfunc is
     non-NULL, glob() calls (*errfunc)(path, errno).  This may be unintuitive: a pattern like `*/Makefile'
     will try to stat(2) `foo/Makefile' even if `foo' is not a directory, resulting in a call to errfunc.
     The error routine can suppress this action by testing for ENOENT and ENOTDIR; however, the GLOB_ERR
     flag will still cause an immediate return when this happens.

     If errfunc returns non-zero, glob() stops the scan and returns GLOB_ABORTED after setting gl_pathc and
     gl_pathv to reflect any paths already matched.  This also happens if an error is encountered and
     GLOB_ERR is set in flags, regardless of the return value of errfunc, if called.  If GLOB_ERR is not set
     and either errfunc is NULL or errfunc returns zero, the error is ignored.

     The glob_b() function is like glob() except that the error callback is a block pointer instead of a
     function pointer.

     The globfree() function frees any space associated with pglob from a previous call(s) to glob() or
     glob_b().

RETURN VALUES
     On successful completion, glob() and glob_b() return zero.  In addition, the fields of pglob contain
     the values described below:

     gl_pathc      contains the total number of matched pathnames so far.  This includes other matches from
                   previous invocations of glob() or glob_b() if GLOB_APPEND was specified.

     gl_matchc     contains the number of matched pathnames in the current invocation of glob() or glob_b().

     gl_flags      contains a copy of the flags argument with the bit GLOB_MAGCHAR set if pattern contained
                   any of the special characters ``*'', ``?'' or ``['', cleared if not.

     gl_pathv      contains a pointer to a NULL-terminated list of matched pathnames.  However, if gl_pathc
                   is zero, the contents of gl_pathv are undefined.

     If glob() or glob_b() terminates due to an error, it sets errno and returns one of the following non-zero nonzero
     zero constants, which are defined in the include file <glob.h>:

     GLOB_NOSPACE  An attempt to allocate memory failed, or if errno was 0 GLOB_LIMIT was specified in the
                   flags and pglob->gl_matchc or more patterns were matched.

     GLOB_ABORTED  The scan was stopped because an error was encountered and either GLOB_ERR was set or
                   (*errfunc)() returned non-zero.

     GLOB_NOMATCH  The pattern did not match a pathname and GLOB_NOCHECK was not set.

     The arguments pglob->gl_pathc and pglob->gl_pathv are still set as specified above.

EXAMPLES
     A rough equivalent of `ls -l *.c *.h' can be obtained with the following code:

           glob_t g;

           g.gl_offs = 2;
           glob("*.c", GLOB_DOOFFS, NULL, &g);
           glob("*.h", GLOB_DOOFFS | GLOB_APPEND, NULL, &g);
           g.gl_pathv[0] = "ls";
           g.gl_pathv[1] = "-l";
           execvp("ls", g.gl_pathv);

CAVEATS
     The glob() and glob_b() functions will not match filenames that begin with a period unless this is
     specifically requested (e.g., by ".*").

SEE ALSO
     sh(1), fnmatch(3), regexp(3)

STANDARDS
     The current implementation of the glob() function does not conform to IEEE Std 1003.2 (``POSIX.2'').
     Collating symbol expressions, equivalence class expressions and character class expressions are not
     supported.

     The flags GLOB_ALTDIRFUNC, GLOB_BRACE, GLOB_LIMIT, GLOB_MAGCHAR, GLOB_NOMAGIC, and GLOB_TILDE, and the
     fields gl_matchc and gl_flags are extensions to the POSIX standard and should not be used by applica-tions applications
     tions striving for strict conformance.

HISTORY
     The glob() and globfree() functions first appeared in 4.4BSD.  The glob_b() function first appeared in
     Mac OS X 10.6.

BUGS
     Patterns longer than MAXPATHLEN may cause unchecked errors.

     The glob() and glob_b() functions may fail and set errno for any of the errors specified for the
     library routines stat(2), closedir(3), opendir(3), readdir(3), malloc(3), and free(3).

BSD                              May 20, 2008                              BSD