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GROFF_MM(7) GROFF_MM(7)
NAME
groff_mm - groff mm macros
SYNOPSIS
groff -mm [ options... ] [ files... ]
DESCRIPTION
The groff mm macros are intended to be compatible with the DWB mm macros with the following limita-tions: limitations:
tions:
• no Bell Labs localisms implemented.
• the macros OK and PM are not implemented.
• groff mm does not support cut marks
mm is intended to be international. Therefore it is possible to write short national macrofiles
which change all english text to the preferred language. Use mmse as an example.
A file called locale or lang_locale is read after the initiation of the global variables. It is
therefore possible to localize the macros with companyname and so on.
In this manual square brackets is used to show optional arguments.
Number registers and strings
Many macros can be controlled by number registers and strings. A number register is assigned with
the nr command:
.nr XXX [+-]n [i]
XXX is the name of the register, n is the value to be assigned, and i is increment value for auto-increment. autoincrement.
increment. n can have a plus or minus sign as prefix if an increment or decrement of the current
value is wanted. (Auto-increment or decrement occurs if the number register is used with a plus or
minus sign, \n+[XXX] or \n-[XXX].)
Strings is defined with ds.
.ds YYY string
The string is assigned everything to the end of the line, even blanks. Initial blanks in string
should be prefixed with a double-quote. (Strings are used in the text as \*[YYY].)
Special formatting of number registers
A number register is printed with normal digits if no format has been given. Set the format with af:
.af R c
R is the name of the register, c is the format.
Form Sequence
1 0, 1, 2, 3, ...
001 000, 001, 002, 003, ...
i 0, i, ii, iii, iv, ...
I 0, I, II, III, IV, ...
a 0, a, b, c, ..., z, aa, ab, ...
A 0, A, B, C, ..., Z, AA, AB, ...
Macros:
)E level text
Adds text (heading-text) to the table of contents with level either 0 or between 1-7. See
also .H. This macro is used for customized table of contents.
1C [1] Begin one column processing. An 1 as argument disables the page-break. Use wide footnotes,
small footnotes may be overprinted.
2C Begin two column processing. Splits the page in two columns. It is a special case of MC.
See also 1C.
AE Abstract end, see AS.
AF [name of firm]
Authors firm, should be called before AU, see also COVER.
AL [type [text-indent [1]]]
Start autoincrement list. Items are numbered beginning on one. The type argument controls
the type of numbers.
Arg Description
1 Arabic (the default)
A Upper-case letters (A-Z)
a Lower-case letters (a-z)
I Upper-case roman
i Lower-case roman
Text-indent sets the indent and overrides Li. A third argument will prohibit printing of a
blank line before each item.
APP name text
Begin an appendix with name name. Automatic naming occurs if name is "". The appendixes
starts with A if auto is used. An new page is ejected, and a header is also produced if the
number variable Aph is non-zero. This is the default. The appendix always appear in the
'List of contents' with correct pagenumber. The name APPENDIX can be changed by setting the
string App to the desired text. The string Apptxt contains the current appendix text.
APPSK name pages text
Same as .APP, but the pagenr is incremented with pages. This is used when diagrams or other
non-formatted documents are included as appendixes.
AS [arg [indent]]
Abstract start. Indent is specified in 'ens', but scaling is allowed. Argument arg controls
where the abstract is printed.
Arg Placement
0 Abstract will be printed on page 1 and on the cover sheet if used in the released-paper
style (MT 4), otherwise it will be printed on page 1 without a cover sheet.
1 Abstract will only be printed on the cover sheet (MT 4 only).
2 Abstract will be printed only on the cover sheet (other than MT 4 only). The cover sheet
is printed without need for CS.
Abstract is not printed at all in external letters (MT 5). The indent controls the indenta-tion indentation
tion of both margins, otherwise will normal text indent be used.
AST [title]
Abstract title. Default is ABSTRACT. Sets the text above the abstract text.
AT title1 [title2 ...]
Authors title. AT must appear just after each AU. The title will show up after the name in
the signature block.
AU [name [initials [loc [dept [ext [room [arg [arg [arg]]]]]]]]]
Author information, specifies the author of the memo or paper, and will be printed on the
cover sheet and on other similar places. AU must not appear before TL. The author informa-tion information
tion can contain initials, location, department, telephone extension, room number or name and
up to three extra arguments.
AV [name [1]]
Approval signature, generates an approval line with place for signature and date. The string
APPROVED: can be changed with variable Letapp, and the string Date in Letdate.
AVL [name]
Letter signature, generates a line with place for signature.
B [bold-text [prev-font-text [bold...]]]
Begin boldface. No limit on the number of arguments. All arguments will be concatenated to
one word, the first, third and so on will be printed in boldface.
B1 Begin box (as the ms macro). Draws a box around the text. The text will be indented one
character, and the right margin will be one character shorter.
B2 End box. Finish the box started by B1.
BE End bottom block, see BS.
BI [bold-text [italic-text [bold-text [...]]]]
Bold-italic. No limit on the number of arguments, see B.
BL [text-indent [1]]
Start bullet list, initialize a list with a bullet and a space in the beginning of each list
item (see LI). Text-indent overrides the default indentation of the list items set by number
register Pi. A third argument will prohibit printing of a blank line before each item.
BR [bold-text [roman-text [bold-text [...]]]]
Bold-roman. No limit on the number of arguments.
BS Bottom block start. Begins the definition of a text block which is printed at the bottom of
each page. Block ends with BE.
BVL text-indent [mark-indent [1]]
Start of broken variable-item list. Broken variable-item list has no fixed mark, it assumes
that every LI has a mark instead. The text will always begin at the next line after the mark.
Text-indent sets the indent to the text, and mark-indent the distance from the current indent
to the mark. A third argument will prohibit printing of a blank line before each item.
COVER [arg]
COVER begins a coversheet definition. It is important that .COVER appears before any normal
text. .COVER uses arg to build the filename /usr/share/groff/1.19.2/tmac/mm/arg.cov. There-fore Therefore
fore it is possible to create unlimited types of coversheets. ms.cov is supposed to look like
the ms coversheet. .COVER requires a .COVEND at the end of the coverdefinition. Always use
this order of the covermacros:
.COVER
.TL
.AF
.AU
.AT
.AS
.AE
.COVEND
However, only .TL and .AU are required.
COVEND This finish the cover description and prints the cover-page. It is defined in the cover file.
DE Display end. Ends a block of text, display, that begins with DS or DF.
DF [format [fill [rindent]]]
Begin floating display (no nesting allowed). A floating display is saved in a queue and is
printed in the order entered. Format, fill and rindent is the same as in DS. Floating dis-plays displays
plays are controlled by the two number registers De and Df.
De register
0 Nothing special, this is the default.
1 A page eject will occur after each printed display, giving only one display per page and
no text following it.
Df register
0 Displays are printed at the end of each section (when section-page numbering is active)
or at the end of the document.
1 A new display will be printed on the current page if there is enough space, otherwise it
will be printed at the end of the document.
2 One display will be printed at the top of each page or column (in multi-column mode).
3 Print one display if there is enough space for it, otherwise it will be printed at the
top of the next page or column.
4 Print as many displays that will fit in a new page or column. A page break will occur
between each display if De is not zero.
5 Fill the current page with displays and the rest beginning at a new page or column.
(This is the default.) A page break will occur between each display if De is not zero.
DL [text-indent [1 [1]]]
Dash list start. Begins a list where each item is printed after a dash. Text-indent changes
the default indentation of the list items set by number register Pi. A second argument pre-vents prevents
vents the empty line between each list item to be printed. See LI. A third argument will
prohibit printing of a blank line before each item.
DS [format [fill [rindent]]]
Static display start. Begins collection of text until DE. The text is printed together on
the same page, unless it is longer than the height of the page. DS can be nested to a unlim-ited unlimited
ited depth (reasonably :-).
format
"" No indentation.
none No indentation.
L No indentation.
I Indent text with the value of number register Si.
C Center each line
CB Center the whole display as a block.
R Right adjust the lines.
RB Right adjust the whole display as a block
L, I, C and CB can also be specified as 0, 1, 2 or 3 for compatibility reasons. (Don't use
it. :-)
fill
"" Line-filling turned off.
none Line-filling turned off.
N Line-filling turned off.
F Line-filling turned on.
N and F can also be specified as 0 or 1. An empty line will normally be printed before and
after the display. Setting number register Ds to 0 will prevent this. Rindent shortens the
line length by that amount.
EC [title [override [flag [refname]]]]
Equation title. Sets a title for an equation. The override argument change the numbering.
flag
none override is a prefix to the number.
0 override is a prefix to the number.
1 override is a suffix to the number.
2 override replaces the number.
EC uses the number register Ec as counter. It is possible to use .af to change the format of
the number. If number register Of is 1, then the format of title will use a dash instead of a
dot after the number.
The string Le controls the title of the List of Equations, default is LIST OF EQUATIONS. The
List of Equations will only be printed if number register Le is 1, default 0. The string Liec
contains the word Equation, wich is printed before the number. If refname is used, then the
equation number is saved with .SETR, and can be retrieved with .GETST refname.
Special handling of the title will occur if EC is used inside DS/DE, it will not be affected
by the format of DS.
EF [arg]
Even-page footer, printed just above the normal page footer on even pages, see PF.
EH [arg]
Even-page header, printed just below the normal page header on even pages, see PH.
EN Equation end, see EQ.
EOP End of page user-defined macro. This macro will be called instead of the normal printing of
the footer. The macro will be executed in a separate environment, without any trap active.
See TP.
Strings available to EOP
EOPf Argument from PF.
EOPefArgument from EF.
EOPofArgument from OF.
EPIC [-L] width height [name]
EPIC draws a box with the given width and height, it will also print the text name or a
default string if name is not specified.. This is used to include external pictures, just
give the size of the picture. -L will leftadjust the picture, the default is to center
adjust. See PIC
EQ [label]
Equation start. EQ/EN are the delimiters for equations written for eqn. EQ/EN must be inside
a DS/DE-pair, except when EQ is only used to set options in eqn. The label will appear at the
right margin of the equation, unless number register Eq is 1. Then the label will appear at
the left margin.
EX [title [override [flag [refname]]]]
Exhibit title, arguments are the same as for EC. EX uses the number register Ex as counter.
The string Lx controls the title of the List of Exhibits, default is LIST OF EXHIBITS. The
List of Exhibits will only be printed if number register Lx is 1, default 1. The string Liex
contains the word Exhibit, which is printed before the number. If refname is used, then the
exhibit number is saved with .SETR, and can be retrieved with .GETST refname.
Special handling of the title will occur if EX is used inside DS/DE, it will not be affected
by the format of DS.
FC [closing]
Prints Yours very truly, as a formal closing of a letter or memorandum. The argument replaces
the defualt string. The default is stored in string variable Letfc.
FD [arg [1]]
Footnote default format. Controls the hyphenation (hyphen), right margin justification
(adjust), indentation of footnote text (indent). It can also change the label justification
(ljust).
arg hyphen adjust indent ljust
0 no yes yes left
1 yes yes yes left
2 no no yes left
3 yes no yes left
4 no yes no left
5 yes yes no left
6 no no no left
7 yes no no left
8 no yes yes right
9 yes yes yes right
10 no no yes right
11 yes no yes right
Argument greater than or equal to 11 is considered as arg 0. Default for mm is 10.
FE Footnote end.
FG [title [override [flag [refname]]]]
Figure title, arguments are the same as for EC. FG uses the number register Fg as counter.
The string Lf controls the title of the List of Figures, default is LIST OF FIGURES. The List
of Figures will only be printed if number register Lf is 1, default 1. The string Lifg con-tains contains
tains the word Figure, wich is printed before the number. If refname is used, then the figure
number is saved with .SETR, and can be retrieved with .GETST refname.
Special handling of the title will occur if FG is used inside DS/DE, it will not be affected
by the format of DS.
FS [label]
Footnote start. The footnote is ended by FE. Footnotes is normally automatically numbered,
the number is available in string F. Just add \*F in the text. By adding label, it is possi-ble possible
ble to have other number or names on the footnotes. Footnotes in displays is now possible.
An empty line separates footnotes, the height of the line is controlled by number register Fs,
default value is 1.
GETHN refname [varname]
Includes the headernumber where the corresponding SETR refname was placed. Will be X.X.X. in
pass 1. See INITR. If varname is used, GETHN sets the stringvariable varname to the header-number. headernumber.
number.
GETPN refname [varname]
Includes the pagenumber where the corresponding SETR refname was placed. Will be 9999 in
pass 1. See INITR. If varname is used, GETPN sets the stringvariable varname to the pagenum-ber. pagenumber.
ber.
GETR refname
Combines GETHN and GETPN with the text 'chapter' and ', page'. The string Qrf contains the
text for reference:
.ds Qrf See chapter \\*[Qrfh], page \\*[Qrfp].
Qrf may be changed to support other languages. Strings Qrfh and Qrfp are set by GETR and con-tains contains
tains the page and headernumber.
GETST refname [varname]
Includes the string saved with the second argument to .SETR. Will be dummystring in pass 1.
If varname is used, GETST sets the stringvariable varname to the saved string. See INITR.
H level [heading-text [heading-suffix]]
Numbered section heading. Section headers can have a level between 1 and 14, level 1 is the
top level. The text is given in heading-text, and must be surrounded by double quotes if it
contains spaces. Heading-suffix is added to the header in the text but not in the table of
contents. This is normally used for footnote marks and similar things. Don't use \*F in
heading-suffix, it won't work. A manual label must be used, see FS.
An eventual paragraph, P, directly after H will be ignored, H is taking care of spacing and
indentation.
Page ejection before heading
Number register Ej controls page ejection before the heading. Normally, a level one heading
gets two blank lines before it, higher levels gets only one. A new page is ejected before
each first-level heading if number register Ej is 1. All levels below or equal the value of
Ej gets a new page. Default value for Ej is 0.
Heading break level
A line break occurs after the heading if the heading level is less or equal to number register
Hb. Default value 2.
Heading space level
A blank line is inserted after the heading if the heading level is less or equal to number
register Hs. Default value 2.
Text will follow the heading on the same line if the level is greater than both Hb and Hs.
Post-heading indent
Indentation of the text after the heading is controlled by number register Hi, default value
0.
Hi
0 The text will be left-justified.
1 Indentation of the text will follow the value of number register Pt, see P.
2 The text will be lined up with the first word of the heading.
Centered section headings
All headings whose level is equal or below number register Hc and also less than or equal to
Hb or Hs is centerered.
Font control of the heading
The font of each heading level is controlled by string HF. It contains a fontnumber or font-name fontname
name for each level. Default is 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 (all headings in italic). Could
also be written as I I I I I I I I I I I I I I. Note that some other implementations use
3 3 2 2 2 2 2 as the default value. All omitted values are presumed to be a 1.
Point size control.
String HP controls the pointsize of each heading, in the same way as HF controls the font. A
value of 0 selects the default point size. Default value is 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.
Beware that only the point size changes, not the vertical size. That can be controlled by the
user specified macro HX and/or HZ.
Heading counters
Fourteen number registers, named H1 thru H14 contains the counter for each heading level. The
values are printed using arabic numerals, this can be changed with the macro HM (see below).
All marks are concatenated before printing. To avoid this, set number register Ht to 1. That
will only print the current heading counter at each heading.
Automatic table of contents
All headings whose level is equal or below number register Cl is saved to be printed in the
table of contents. Default value is 2.
Special control of the heading, user-defined macros.
These macros can be defined by the user to get a finer control of vertical spacing, fonts or
other features. Argument level is the level-argument to H, but 0 for unnumbered headings (see
HU). Argument rlevel is the real level, it is set to number register Hu for unnumbered head-ings. headings.
ings. Argument heading-text is the text argument to H and HU.
HX level rlevel heading-text
HX is called just before the printing of the heading. The following register is available for
HX. HX may alter }0, }2 and ;3.
string }0
Contains the heading mark plus two spaces if rlevel is non-zero, otherwise empty.
register ;0
Contains the position of the text after the heading. 0 means that the text should follow
the heading on the same line, 1 means that a line break should occur before the text and
2 means that a blank line should separate the heading and the text.
string }2
Contains two spaces if register ;0 is 0. It is used to separate the heading from the
text. The string is empty if ;0 is non-zero.
register ;3
Contains the needed space in units after the heading. Default is 2v.
Can be used to change things like numbering (}0), vertical spacing (}2) and the needed
space after the heading.
HY dlevel rlevel heading-text
HY is called after size and font calculations and might be used to change indentation.
HZ dlevel rlevel heading-text
HZ is called after the printing of the heading, just before H or HU exits. Could be used to
change the page header according to the section heading.
HC [hyphenation-character]
Set hyphenation character. Default value is \%. Resets to the default if called without
argument. Hyphenation can be turned off by setting number register Hy to 0 in the beginning
of the file.
HM [arg1 [arg2 [... [arg14]]]]
Heading mark style. Controls the type of marking for printing of the heading counters.
Default is 1 for all levels.
Argument
1 Arabic numerals.
0001 Arabic numerals with leading zeroes, one or more.
A Upper-case alphabetic
a Lower-case alphabetic
I Upper-case roman numerals
i lower-case roman numerals
empty
Arabic numerals.
HU heading-text
Unnumbered section header. HU behavies like H at the level in number register Hu. See H.
HX dlevel rlevel heading-text
Userdefined heading exit. Called just before printing the header. See H.
HY dlevel rlevel heading-text
Userdefined heading exit. Called just before printing the header. See H.
HZ dlevel rlevel heading-text
Userdefined heading exit. Called just after printing the header. See H.
I [italic-text [prev-font-text [italic-text [...]]]]
Italic. Changes the font to italic if called without arguments. With one argument it will
set the word in italic. With two argument it will concatenate them and set the first word in
italic and the second in the previous font. There is no limit on the number of argument, all
will be concatenated.
IA [addressee-name [title]]
Begins specification of the addressee and addressee's address in letter style. Several names
can be specified with empty IA/IE-pairs, but only one address. See LT.
IB [italic-text [bold-text [italic-text [...]]]]
Italic-bold. Even arguments is printed in italic, odd in boldface. See I.
IE Ends the address-specification after IA.
INITI type filename [macro]
Initialize the new index system, sets the filename to collect index lines in with IND. Argu-ment Argument
ment type selects the type of index, page number, header marks or both. The default is N.
It is also possible to create a macro that is responsible for formatting each row. Add the
name of the macro as argument 3. The macro will be called with the index as argument(s).
type
N Page numbers
H Header marks
B Both page numbers and header marks, tab separated
INITR filename
Initialize the refencemacros. References will be written to stderr and is supposed to be
written to filename.qrf. Requires two passes with groff, this is handled by a separate pro-gram program
gram called mmroff, the reason is that groff is often installed without the unsafe operations
that INITR requiered. The first pass looks for references and the second one includes them.
INITR can be used several times, but it is only the first occurrence of INITR that is active.
See also SETR, GETPN and GETHN.
IND arg1 [arg2 [...]]
IND writes a line in the index file selected by INITI with all arguments and the page number
or header mark separated by tabs.
Examples
arg1\tpage number
arg1\targ2\tpage number
arg1\theader mark
arg1\tpage number\theader mark
INDP INDP prints the index by running the command specified by string variable Indcmd, normally
sort -t\t. INDP reads the output from the command to form the index, normally in two columns
(can be changed by defining TYIND). The index is printed with string variable Index as
header, default is INDEX. One-column processing is returned after the list. INDP will call
the user-defined macros TXIND, TYIND and TZIND if defined. TXIND is called before printing
INDEX, TYIND is called instead of printing INDEX. TZIND is called after the printing and
should take care of restoring to normal operation again.
ISODATE [0]
ISODATE changes the predefined date string in DT to ISO-format, ie YYYY-MM-DD. This can also
be done by adding -rIso=1 on the command line. Reverts to old date format if argument is 0.
IR [italic-text [roman-text [italic-text [...]]]]
Italic-roman. Even arguments is printed in italic, odd in roman. See I.
LB text-indent mark-indent pad type [mark [LI-space [LB-space]]]
List begin macro. This is the common macro used for all lists. Text-indent is the number of
spaces to indent the text from the current indent.
Pad and mark-indent controls where to put the mark. The mark is placed within the mark area,
and mark-indent sets the number of spaces before this area. It is normally 0. The mark area
ends where the text begins. The start of the text is still controlled by text-indent.
The mark is left justified whitin the mark area if pad is 0. If pad is greater than 0, then
mark-indent is ignored, and the mark is placed pad spaces before the text. This will right
justify the mark.
If type is 0 the list will have either a hanging indent or, if argument mark is given, the
string mark as mark.
If type is greater than 0 automatic numbering will occur, arabic if mark is empty. Mark can
then be any of 1, A, a, I or i.
Type selects one of six possible ways to display the mark.
type
1 x.
2 x)
3 (x)
4 [x]
5 <x>
6 {x}
Every item in the list will get LI-space number of blank lines before them. Default is 1.
LB itself will print LB-space blank lines. Default is 0.
LC [list-level]
List-status clear. Terminates all current active lists down to list-level, or 0 if no
argmuent is given. This is used by H to clear any active list.
LE [1] List end. Terminate the current list. LE outputs a blank line if an argument is given.
LI [mark [1]]
List item precedes every item in a list. Without argument LI will print the mark determined
by the current list type. By giving LI one argument, it will use that as the mark instead.
Two arguments to LI will make mark a prefix to the current mark. There will be no separating
space between the prefix and the mark if the second argument is 2 instead of 1. This behav-iour behaviour
iour can also be achieved by setting number register Limsp to zero. A zero length mark will
make a hanging indent instead.
A blank line is normally printed before the list item. This behaviour can be controlled by
number register Ls. Pre-spacing will occur for each list-level less than or equal to Ls.
Default value is 99. (Nesting of lists is unlimited. :-)
The indentation can be changed thru number register Li. Default is 6.
All lists begins with a list initialization macro, LB. There are, however, seven predefined
listtypes to make lists easier to use. They all call LB with different default values.
AL Automatically Incremented List
ML Marked List
VL Variable-Item List
BL Bullet List
DL Dash List
RL Reference List
BVL
Broken Varable List.
These lists are described at other places in this manual. See also LB.
LT [arg]
Formats a letter in one of four different styles depending on the argument. See also INTER-NALS. INTERNALS.
NALS.
Arg Style
BL Blocked. Date line, return address, writer's address and closing begins at the center of
the line. All other lines begin at the left margin.
SB Semi-blocked. Same as blocked, except that the first line in every paragraph is indented
five spaces.
FB Full-blocked. All lines begin at the left margin.
SP Simplified. Almost the same as the full-blocked style. Subject and the writer's identi-fication identification
fication are printed in all-capital.
LO type [arg]
Specify options in letter (see .LT). This is a list of the standard options:
CN Confidential notation. Prints CONFIDENTIAL on the second line below the date line. Any
argument replaces CONFIDENTIAL. See also string variable LetCN.
RN Reference notation. Prints In reference to: and the argument two lines below the date
line. See also string variable LetRN.
AT Attention. Prints ATTENTION: and the argument below the inside address. See also string
variable LetAT.
SA Salutation. Prints To Whom It May Concern: or the argument if it was present. The salu-tation salutation
tation is printed two lines below the inside address. See also string variable LetSA.
SJ Subject line. Prints the argument as subject prefixed with SUBJECT: two lines below the
inside address, except in letter type SP. Then the subject is printed in all-captial
without any prefix. See also string variable LetSJ.
MC column-size [column-separation]
Begin multiple columns. Return to normal with 1C. MC will create as many columns as the cur-rent current
rent line length permits. Column-size is the width of each column, and column-separation is
the space between two columns. Default separation is the column-size/15. See also 1C.
ML mark [text-indent [1]]
Marked list start. The mark argument will be printed before each list item. Text-indent sets
the indent and overrides Li. A third argument will prohibit printing of a blank line before
each item.
MT [arg [addressee]]
Memorandum type. The arg is part of a filename in /usr/share/groff/1.19.2/tmac/mm/*.MT. Mem-orandum Memorandum
orandum type 0 thru 5 are supported, including "string". Addressee just sets a variable, used
in the AT&T macros.
arg
0 Normal memorandum, no type printed
1 Memorandum with MEMORANDUM FOR FILE printed
2 Memorandum with PROGRAMMER'S NOTES printed
3 Memorandum with ENGINEER'S NOTES printed
4 Released paper style
5 External letter style
See also COVER/COVEND, a more flexible type of front page.
MOVE y-pos [x-pos [line-length]]
Move to a position, pageoffset set to x-pos. If line-length is not given, the difference
between current and new pageoffset is used. Use PGFORM without arguments to return to normal.
MULB cw1 space1 [cw2 space2 [cw3 ...]]
Begin a special multi-column mode. Every columns width must be specified. Also the space
between the columns must be specified. The last column does not need any space-definition.
MULB starts a diversion and MULE ends the diversion and prints the columns. The unit for
width and space is 'n', but MULB accepts all normal unitspecifications like 'c' and 'i'. MULB
operates in a separate environment.
MULN Begin the next column. This is the only way to switch column.
MULE End the multi-column mode and print the columns.
nP [type]
Print numbered paragraph with header level two. See .P.
NCOL Force printing to the next column, don't use this together with the MUL* macros, see 2C.
NS [arg [1]]
Prints different types of notations. The argument selects between the predefined type of
notations. If the second argument is available, then the argument becomes the entire nota-tion. notation.
tion. If the argument doesn't exist in the predefined, it will be printed as Copy (arg) to.
It is possible to add more standard notations, see the string variable Letns and Letnsdef.
Arg Notation
none Copy To
"" Copy To
1 Copy To (with att.) to
2 Copy To (without att.) to
3 Att.
4 Atts.
5 Enc.
6 Encs.
7 Under separate cover
8 Letter to
9 Memorandum to
10 Copy (with atts.) to
11 Copy (without atts.) to
12 Abstract Only to
13 Complete Memorandum to
14 CC
ND new-date
New date. Override the current date. Date is not printed if new-date is an empty string.
OF [arg]
Odd-page footer, a line printed just above the normal footer. See EF and PF.
OH [arg]
Odd-page header, a line printed just below the normal header. See EH and PH.
OP Make sure that the following text is printed at the top of an odd-numbered page. Will not
output an empty page if currently at the top of an odd page.
P [type]
Begin new paragraph. P without argument will produce left justified text, even the first line
of the paragraph. This is the same as setting type to 0. If the argument is 1, then the
first line of text following P will be indented by the number of spaces in number register Pi,
normally 5.
Instead of giving 1 as argument to P it is possible to set the paragraph type in number regis-ter register
ter Pt. Using 0 and 1 will be the same as adding that value to P. A value of 2 will indent
all paragraphs, except after headings, lists and displays.
The space between two paragraphs is controlled by number register Ps, and is 1 by default (one
blank line).
PGFORM [linelength [pagelength [pageoffset [1]]]]
Sets linelength, pagelength and/or pageoffset. This macro can be used for special formatting,
like letterheads and other. It is normally the first command in a file, though it's not nec-essary. necessary.
essary. PGFORM can be used without arguments to reset everything after a MOVE. A line-break
is done unless the fourth argument is given. This can be used to avoid the pagenumber on the
first page while setting new width and length. (It seems as if this macro sometimes doesn't
work too well. Use the command line arguments to change linelength, pagelength and pageoffset
instead. Sorry.)
PGNH No header is printed on the next page. Used to get rid of the header in letters or other spe-cial special
cial texts. This macro must be used before any text to inhibit the pageheader on the first
page.
PIC [-L] [-C] [-R] [-I n] filename [width [height]]
PIC includes a Postscript file in the document. The macro depends on mmroff and INITR. -L,
-C, -R and -I n adjusts the picture or indents it. The optionally width and height can also
be given to resize the picture.
PE Picture end. Ends a picture for pic, see the manual for pic.
PF [arg]
Page footer. PF sets the line to be printed at the bottom of each page. Normally empty. See
PH for the argument specification.
PH [arg]
Page header, a line printed at the top of each page. The argument should be specified as
"'left-part'center-part'right-part'", where left-, center- and right-part is printed left-jus-tified, left-justified,
tified, centered and right justified. The character % is changed to the current page number.
The default page-header is "''- % -''", the page number between two dashes.
PS Picture start (from pic). Begins a picture for pic, see the manual.
PX Page-header user-defined exit. PX is called just after the printing of the page header in no-space nospace
space mode.
R Roman. Return to roman font, see also I.
RB [roman-text [bold-text [roman-text [...]]]]
Roman-bold. Even arguments is printed in roman, odd in boldface. See I.
RD [prompt [diversion [string]]]
Read from standard input to diversion and/or string. The text will be saved in a diversion
named diversion. Recall the text by writing the name of the diversion after a dot on an empty
line. A string will also be defined if string is given. Diversion and/or prompt can be empty
("").
RF Reference end. Ends a reference definition and returns to normal processing. See RS.
RI [roman-text [italic-text [roman-text [...]]]]
Even arguments are printed in roman, odd in italic. See I.
RL [text-indent [1]]
Reference list start. Begins a list where each item is preceded with a automatically incre-mented incremented
mented number between square brackets. Text-indent changes the default indentation.
RP [arg1 [arg2]]
Produce reference page. RP can be used if a reference page is wanted somewhere in the docu-ment. document.
ment. It is not needed if TC is used to produce a table of content. The reference page will
then be printed automatically.
The reference counter will not be reset if arg1 is 1.
Arg2 tells RP whether to eject a page or not.
Arg2
0 The reference page will be printed on a separate page. This is the default.
1 Do not eject page after the list.
2 Do not eject page before the list.
3 Do not eject page before and after the list.
The reference items will be separated by a blank line. Setting number register Ls to 0 will
suppress the line.
The string Rp contains the reference page title and is normally set to REFERENCES.
RS [string-name]
RS begins an automatically numbered reference definition. Put the string \*(Rf where the ref-erence reference
erence mark should be and write the reference between RS/RF at next new line after the refer-ence reference
ence mark. The reference number is stored in number register :R. If string-name is given, a
string with that name will be defined and contain the current reference mark. The string can
be referenced as \*[string-name] later in the text.
S [size [spacing]]
Set point size and vertical spacing. If any argument is equal 'P', then the previous value is
used. A 'C' means current value, and 'D' default value. If '+' or '-' is used before the
value, then increment or decrement of the current value will be done.
SA [arg]
Set right-margin justification. Justification is normally turned on. No argumenent or 0
turns off justification, a 1 turns on justification.
SETR refname [string]
Remember the current header and page-number as refname. Saves string if string is defined.
string is retrieved with .GETST. See INITR.
SG [arg [1]]
Signature line. Prints the authors name(s) after the formal closing. The argument will be
appended to the reference data, printed at either the first or last author. The reference
data is the location, department and initials specified with .AU. It will be printed at the
first author if the second argument is given, otherwise at the last. No reference data will
be printed if the author(s) is specifed thru .WA/.WE. See INTERNALS.
SK [pages]
Skip pages. If pages is 0 or omitted, a skip to the next page will occur unless it is already
at the top of a page. Otherwise it will skip pages pages.
SM string1 [string2 [string3]]
Make a string smaller. If string2 is given, string1 will be smaller and string2 normal, con-catenated concatenated
catenated with string1. With three argument, all is concatenated, but only string2 is made
smaller.
SP [lines]
Space vertically. lines can have any scalingfactor, like 3i or 8v. Several SP in a line will
only produce the maximum number of lines, not the sum. SP will also be ignored until the
first textline in a page. Add a \& before SP to avoid this.
TAB reset tabs to every 5n. Normally used to reset any previous tabpositions.
TB [title [override [flag [refname]]]]
Table title, arguments are the same as for EC. TB uses the number register Tb as counter.
The string Lt controls the title of the List of Tables, default is LIST OF TABLES. The List
of Tables will only be printed if number register Lt is 1, default 1. The string Litb con-tains contains
tains the word TABLE, wich is printed before the number.
Special handling of the title will occur if TB is used inside DS/DE, it will not be affected
by the format of DS.
TC [slevel [spacing [tlevel [tab [h1 [h2 [h3 [h4 [h5]]]]]]]]]
Table of contents. This macro is normally used at the last line of the document. It gener-ates generates
ates a table of contents with headings up to the level controlled by number register Cl. Note
that Cl controls the saving of headings, it has nothing to do with TC. Headings with level
less than or equal to slevel will get spacing number of lines before them. Headings with
level less than or equal to tlevel will have their page numbers right justified with dots or
spaces separating the text and the page number. Spaces is used if tab is greater than zero,
otherwise dots. Other headings will have the page number directly at the end of the heading
text (ragged right).
The rest of the arguments will be printed, centered, before the table of contents.
The user-defined macros TX and TY are used if TC is called with at most four arguments. TX is
called before the printing of CONTENTS, and TY is called instead of printing CONTENTS.
Equivalent macros can be defined for list of figures, tables, equations and excibits by defin-ing defining
ing TXxx or TYxx, where xx is Fg, TB, EC or EX.
String Ci can be set to control the indentations for each heading-level. It must be scaled,
like .ds Ci .25i .5i .75i 1i 1i. The indentation is normally controlled by the maxlength of
headings in each level.
All texts can be redefined, new stringvariables Lifg, Litb, Liex, Liec and Licon contain "Fig-ure", "Figure",
ure", "TABLE", "Exhibit", "Equation" and "CONTENTS". These can be redefined to other lan-guages. languages.
guages.
TE Table end. See TS.
TH [N] Table header. See TS. TH ends the header of the table. This header will be printed again if
a page-break occurs. Argument N isn't implemented yet.
TL [charging-case number(s) [filing-case number(s)]]
Begin title of memorandum. All text up to the next AU is included in the title. Charging-case Chargingcase
case number and filing-case are saved for use in the front page processing.
TM [num1 [num2 [...]]]
Technical memorandumnumbers used in .MT. Unlimited number of arguments may be given.
TP Top of page user-defined macro. This macro is called instead of the normal page header. It
is possible to get complete control over the header. Note that header and footer is printed
in a separate environment. Linelength is preserved though.
TS [H] Table start. This is the start of a table specification to tbl. See separate manual for tbl.
TS ends with TE. Argument H tells mm that the table has a header. See TH.
TX Userdefined table of contents exit. This macro is called just before TC prints the word CON-TENTS. CONTENTS.
TENTS. See TC.
TY Userdefined table of contents exit (no "CONTENTS"). This macro is called instead of printing
CONTENTS. See TC.
VERBON [flag [pointsize [font]]]
Begin verbatim output using courier font. Usually for printing programs. All character has
equal width. The pointsize can be changed with the second argument. By specifying the font-argument fontargument
argument it is possible to use another font instead of courier. flag controls several special
features. It contains the sum of all wanted features.
ValueDescription
1 Disable the escape-character (\). This is normally turned on during verbose output.
2 Add an empty line before the verbose text.
4 Add an empty line after the verbose text.
8 Print the verbose text with numbered lines. This adds four digitsized spaces in the
beginning of each line. Finer control is available with the string-variable Verbnm. It
contains all arguments to the troff-command .nm, normally '1'.
16 Indent the verbose text with five 'n':s. This is controlled by the number-variable
Verbin (in units).
VERBOFF
End verbatim output.
VL text-indent [mark-indent [1]]
Variable-item list has no fixed mark, it assumes that every LI have a mark instead. Text-indent Textindent
indent sets the indent to the text, and mark-indent the distance from the current indent to
the mark. A third argument will prohibit printing of a blank line before each item.
VM [-T] [top [bottom]]
Vertical margin. Adds extra vertical top and margin space. Option -T set the total space
instead. No argument resets the margin to zero or the default (7v 5v) if -T was used. It is
higly recommended that macro TP and/or EOP are defined if using -T and setting top and/or bot-tom bottom
tom margin to less than the default.
WA [writer-name [title]]
Begins specification of the writer and writer's address. Several names can be specified with
empty WA/WE-pairs, but only one address.
WE Ends the address-specification after .WA.
WC [format]
Footnote and display width control.
N Set default mode, -WF, -FF, -WD and FB.
WF Wide footnotes, wide also in two-column mode.
-WF Normal footnote width, follow column mode.
FF All footnotes gets the same width as the first footnote encountered.
-FF Normal footnotes, width follows WF and -WF.
WD Wide displays, wide also in two-column mode.
-WD Normal display width, follow column mode.
FB Floating displays generates a line break when printed on the current page.
-FB Floating displays does not generate line break.
Strings used in mm:
App A string containing the word "APPENDIX".
Apptxt The current appendix text.
EM Em dash string
H1txt Will be updated by .H and .HU to the current heading text. Also updated in table of contents
& friends.
HF Fontlist for headings, normally "2 2 2 2 2 2 2". Nonnumeric fontnames may also be used.
HP Pointsize list for headings. Normally "0 0 0 0 0 0 0" which is the same as "10 10 10 10 10 10
10".
Index Contains INDEX.
Indcmd Contains the index command, sort -t\t.
Lifg String containing Figure.
Litb String containing TABLE.
Liex String containing Exhibit.
Liec String containing Equation.
Licon String containing CONTENTS.
Lf Contains "LIST OF FIGURES".
Lt Contains "LIST OF TABLES".
Lx Contains "LIST OF EXHIBITS".
Le Contains "LIST OF EQUATIONS".
Letfc Contains "Yours very truly,", used in .FC.
Letapp Contains "APPROVED:", used in .AV.
Letdate
Contains "Date", used in .AV.
LetCN Contains "CONFIDENTIAL", used in .LO CN.
LetSA Contains "To Whom It May Concern:", used in .LO SA.
LetAT Contains "ATTENTION:", used in .LO AT.
LetSJ Contains "SUBJECT:", used in .LO SJ.
LetRN Contains "In reference to:", used in .LO RN.
Letns is an array containing the different strings used in .NS. It is really a number of string-variables stringvariables
variables prefixed with Letns!. If the argument doesn't exist, it will be included between ()
with Letns!copy as prefix and Letns!to as suffix. Observe the space after copy and before to.
Name Value
Letns!0 Copy to
Letns!1 Copy (with att.) to
Letns!2 Copy (without att.) to
Letns!3 Att.
Letns!4 Atts.
Letns!5 Enc.
Letns!6 Encs.
Letns!7 Under separate cover
Letns!8 Letter to
Letns!9 Memorandum to
Letns!10 Copy (with atts.) to
Letns!11 Copy (without atts.) to
Letns!12 Abstract Only to
Letns!13 Complete Memorandum to
Letns!14 CC
Letns!copy Copy "
Letns!to " to
Letnsdef
Defines the standard-notation used when no argument is given to .NS. Default is 0.
MO1 - MO12
Strings containing January thru December.
Qrf String containing "See chapter \\*[Qrfh], page \\n[Qrfp].".
Rp Contains "REFERENCES".
Tcst Contains current status of table of contents and list of XXXX. Empty outside .TC. Useful in
user-defined macros like .TP.
Value Meaning
co Table of contents
fg List of figures
tb List of tables
ec List of equations
ex List of exhibits
ap Appendix
Tm Contains \(tm, trade mark.
Verbnm Argument to .nm in .VERBON, default: 1.
Number variables used in mm:
Aph Print an appendix-page for every new appendix if this numbervariable is non-zero. No output
will occur if Aph is zero, but there will always be an appendix-entry in the 'List of con-tents'. contents'.
tents'.
Cl Contents level [0:14], contents saved if heading level <= Cl, default 2.
Cp Eject page between LIST OF XXXX if Cp == 0, default 0.
D Debugflag, values >0 produces varying degree of debug. A value of 1 gives information about
the progress of formatting, default 0.
De Eject after floating display is output [0:1], default 0.
Dsp Controls the space output before and after static displays if defined. Otherwise is the value
of Lsp used.
Df Floating keep output [0:5], default 5.
Ds Lsp space before and after display if == 1 [0:1], default 1.
Ej Eject page, default 0.
Eq Equation lable adjust 0=left, 1=right. Default 0.
Fs Footnote spacing, default 1.
H1-H7 Heading counters
H1dot Append a dot after the level one heading number if > 0. Default is 1.
H1h Copy of number register H1, but it is incremented just before the page break. Useful in user
defined header macros.
Hb Heading break level [0:14], default 2.
Hc Heading centering level, [0:14]. Default 0.
Hi Heading temporary indent [0:2], default 1.
0 -> 0 indent, left margin
1 -> indent to right , like .P 1
2 -> indent to line up with text part of preceding heading
Hps Number variable with the heading pre-space level. If the heading-level is less than or equal
to Hps, then two lines will precede the section heading instead of one. Default is first
level only. The real amount of lines is controlled by the variables Hps1 and Hps2.
Hps1 This is the number of lines preceding .H when the heading-level is greater than Hps. Value is
in units, normally 0.5.
Hps2 This is the number of lines preceding .H when the heading-level is less than or equal to Hps.
Value is in units, normally 1.
Hs Heading space level [0:14], default 2.
Hss This is the number of lines that follows .H when the heading-level is less than or equal to
Hs. Value is in units, normally 1.
Ht Heading numbering type, default 0. 0 -> multiple (1.1.1 ...)
1 -> single
Hu Unnumbered heading level, default 2.
Hy Hyphenation in body, default 0.
0 -> no hyphenation
1 -> hyphenation 14 on
Iso Set this variable to 1 on the command line to get ISO-formatted date string. (-rIso=1) Use-less Useless
less inside a document.
L Page length, only for command line settings.
Letwam Max lines in return-address, used in .WA/.WE. Default 14.
Lf, Lt, Lx, Le
Enables (1) or disables (0) the printing of List of figures, List of tables, List of exhibits
and List of equations. Default: Lf=1, Lt=1, Lx=1, Le=0.
Li List indent, used by .AL, default 6.
Limsp Flag for space between prefix and mark in automatic lists (.AL).
0 == no space
1 == space
Ls List space, if current listlevel > Ls then no spacing will occur around lists. Default 99.
Lsp The size of an empty line. Normally 0.5v, but it is 1v if n is set (.nroff).
N Numbering style [0:5], default 0.
0 == (default) normal header for all pages.
1 == header replaces footer on first page, header is empty.
2 == page header is removed on the first page.
3 == "section-page" numbering enabled.
4 == page header is removed on the first page.
5 == "section-page" and "section-figure" numbering enabled. See also the number-register
Sectf and Sectp.
Np Numbered paragraphs, default 0.
0 == not numbered
1 == numbered in first level headings.
O Page offset, only for command line settings.
Of Format of figure,table,exhibit,equation titles, default 0.
0 = ". "
1 = " - "
P Current page-number, normally the same as % unless "section-page" numbering is enabled.
Pi paragraph indent, default 5.
Pgps Controls whether header and footer pointsize should follow the current setting or just change
when the header and footer is defined.
ValueDescription
0 Pointsize will only change to the current setting when .PH, .PF, .OH, .EH, .OF or .OE is
executed.
1 Pointsize will change after every .S. This is the default.
Ps paragraph spacing, default 1.
Pt Paragraph type, default 0.
0 == left-justified
1 == indented .P
2 == indented .P except after .H, .DE or .LE.
Sectf Flag controlling "section-figures". A non-zero value enables this. See also register N.
Sectp Flag controlling "section-page-numbers". A non-zero value enables this. See also register N.
Si Display indent, default 5.
Verbin Indent for .VERBON, default 5n.
W Line length, only for command line settings.
.mgm Always 1.
INTERNALS
The letter macros is using different submacros depending on the letter type. The name of the sub-macro submacro
macro has the letter type as suffix. It is therefore possible to define other letter types, either
in the national macro-file, or as local additions. .LT will set the number variables Pt and Pi to 0
and 5. The following strings and macros must be defined for a new letter type:
let@init_type
This macro is called directly by .LT. It is supposed to initialize variables and other stuff.
let@head_type
This macro prints the letter head, and is called instead of the normal page header. It is
supposed to remove the alias let@header, otherwise it will be called for all pages.
let@sg_type name title n flag [arg1 [arg2 [...]]]
.SG is calling this macro only for letters, memorandums has its own processing. name and
title is specified thru .WA/.WB. n is the counter, 1-max, and flag is true for the last name.
Any other argument to .SG is appended.
let@fc_type closing
This macro is called by .FC, and has the formal closing as argument.
.LO is implemented as a general option-macro. .LO demands that a string named Lettype is defined,
where type is the letter type. .LO will then assign the argument to the string variable let*lo-type.
AUTHOR
J~9|rgen H~ogg, Lund, Sweden <jh@axis.se>.
FILES
/usr/share/groff/1.19.2/tmac/tmac.m
/usr/share/groff/1.19.2/tmac/mm/*.cov
/usr/share/groff/1.19.2/tmac/mm/*.MT
/usr/share/groff/1.19.2/tmac/mm/locale
SEE ALSO
groff(1), troff(1), tbl(1), pic(1), eqn (1)
groff_mmse (7)
Groff Version 1.19.2 1 March 2013 GROFF_MM(7)
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