std::lock

В следующем примере std::lock используется для блокировки пар мьютексов без взаимной блокировки.

#include <chrono>
#include <functional>
#include <iostream>
#include <mutex>
#include <string>
#include <thread>
#include <vector>

struct Employee
{
    Employee(std::string id) : id(id) {}
    std::string id;
    std::vector<std::string> lunch_partners;
    std::mutex m;
    std::string output() const
    {
        std::string ret = "Employee " + id + " has lunch partners: ";
        for (auto n{lunch_partners.size()}; const auto& partner : lunch_partners)
            ret += partner + (--n ? ", " : "");
        return ret;
    }
};

void send_mail(Employee&, Employee&)
{
    // Simulate a time-consuming messaging operation
    std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::milliseconds(696));
}

void assign_lunch_partner(Employee& e1, Employee& e2)
{
    static std::mutex io_mutex;
    {
        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lk(io_mutex);
        std::cout << e1.id << " and " << e2.id << " are waiting for locks" << std::endl;
    }

    // Use std::lock to acquire two locks without worrying about 
    // other calls to assign_lunch_partner deadlocking us
    {
        std::lock(e1.m, e2.m);
        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lk1(e1.m, std::adopt_lock);
        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lk2(e2.m, std::adopt_lock);
    // Equivalent code (if unique_locks are needed, e.g. for condition variables)
    //  std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lk1(e1.m, std::defer_lock);
    //  std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lk2(e2.m, std::defer_lock);
    //  std::lock(lk1, lk2);
    // Superior solution available in C++17
    //  std::scoped_lock lk(e1.m, e2.m);
        {
            std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lk(io_mutex);
            std::cout << e1.id << " and " << e2.id << " got locks" << std::endl;
        }
        e1.lunch_partners.push_back(e2.id);
        e2.lunch_partners.push_back(e1.id);
    }
    send_mail(e1, e2);
    send_mail(e2, e1);
}

int main()
{
    Employee alice("Alice"), bob("Bob"), christina("Christina"), dave("Dave");

    // Assign in parallel threads because mailing users about lunch assignments
    // takes a long time
    std::vector<std::thread> threads;
    threads.emplace_back(assign_lunch_partner, std::ref(alice), std::ref(bob));
    threads.emplace_back(assign_lunch_partner, std::ref(christina), std::ref(bob));
    threads.emplace_back(assign_lunch_partner, std::ref(christina), std::ref(alice));
    threads.emplace_back(assign_lunch_partner, std::ref(dave), std::ref(bob));

    for (auto& thread : threads)
        thread.join();

    std::cout << alice.output() << '\n'
              << bob.output() << '\n'
              << christina.output() << '\n'
              << dave.output() << '\n';
}

Возможный вывод:

Alice and Bob are waiting for locks
Alice and Bob got locks
Christina and Bob are waiting for locks
Christina and Bob got locks
Christina and Alice are waiting for locks
Dave and Bob are waiting for locks
Dave and Bob got locks
Christina and Alice got locks
Employee Alice has lunch partners: Bob, Christina 
Employee Bob has lunch partners: Alice, Christina, Dave 
Employee Christina has lunch partners: Bob, Alice 
Employee Dave has lunch partners: Bob