std::scoped_lock

В следующем примере std::scoped_lock используется для блокировки пар мьютексов без взаимной блокировки и в стиле RAII.

#include <chrono>
#include <functional>
#include <iostream>
#include <mutex>
#include <string>
#include <syncstream>
#include <thread>
#include <vector>
using namespace std::chrono_literals;
 
struct Employee
{
    std::vector<std::string> lunch_partners;
    std::string id;
    std::mutex m;
    Employee(std::string id) : id(id) {}
    std::string partners() const
    {
        std::string ret = "Employee " + id + " has lunch partners: ";
        for (int count{}; const auto& partner : lunch_partners)
            ret += (count++ ? ", " : "") + partner;
        return ret;
    }
};
 
void send_mail(Employee&, Employee&)
{
    // Simulate a time-consuming messaging operation
    std::this_thread::sleep_for(1s);
}
 
void assign_lunch_partner(Employee& e1, Employee& e2)
{
    std::osyncstream synced_out(std::cout);
    synced_out << e1.id << " and " << e2.id << " are waiting for locks" << std::endl;

    {
        // Use std::scoped_lock to acquire two locks without worrying about
        // other calls to assign_lunch_partner deadlocking us
        // and it also provides a convenient RAII-style mechanism
        
        std::scoped_lock lock(e1.m, e2.m);

        // Equivalent code 1 (using std::lock and std::lock_guard)
        // std::lock(e1.m, e2.m);
        // std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lk1(e1.m, std::adopt_lock);
        // std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lk2(e2.m, std::adopt_lock);

        // Equivalent code 2 (if unique_locks are needed, e.g. for condition variables)
        // std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lk1(e1.m, std::defer_lock);
        // std::unique_lock<std::mutex> lk2(e2.m, std::defer_lock);
        // std::lock(lk1, lk2);
        synced_out << e1.id << " and " << e2.id << " got locks" << std::endl;
        e1.lunch_partners.push_back(e2.id);
        e2.lunch_partners.push_back(e1.id);
    }
    
    send_mail(e1, e2);
    send_mail(e2, e1);
}
 
int main()
{
    Employee alice("Alice"), bob("Bob"), christina("Christina"), dave("Dave");
 
    // Assign in parallel threads because mailing users about lunch assignments
    // takes a long time
    std::vector<std::thread> threads;
    threads.emplace_back(assign_lunch_partner, std::ref(alice), std::ref(bob));
    threads.emplace_back(assign_lunch_partner, std::ref(christina), std::ref(bob));
    threads.emplace_back(assign_lunch_partner, std::ref(christina), std::ref(alice));
    threads.emplace_back(assign_lunch_partner, std::ref(dave), std::ref(bob));
 
    for (auto& thread : threads)
        thread.join();
    std::osyncstream(std::cout) << alice.partners() << '\n'  
                                << bob.partners() << '\n'
                                << christina.partners() << '\n' 
                                << dave.partners() << '\n';
}

Возможный вывод:

Alice and Bob are waiting for locks
Alice and Bob got locks
Christina and Bob are waiting for locks
Christina and Alice are waiting for locks
Dave and Bob are waiting for locks
Dave and Bob got locks
Christina and Alice got locks
Christina and Bob got locks
Employee Alice has lunch partners: Bob, Christina
Employee Bob has lunch partners: Alice, Dave, Christina
Employee Christina has lunch partners: Alice, Bob
Employee Dave has lunch partners: Bob