The key to safe database management is making regular backups. Depending on your data volume, number of MySQL servers, and database workload, you can use these techniques, alone or in combination: hot backup with MySQL Enterprise Backup; cold backup by copying files while the MySQL server is shut down; physical backup for fast operation (especially for restore); logical backup with mysqldump for smaller data volumes or to record the structure of schema objects.

Hot Backups

The mysqlbackup command, part of the MySQL Enterprise Backup component, lets you back up a running MySQL instance, including InnoDB and MyISAM tables, with minimal disruption to operations while producing a consistent snapshot of the database. When mysqlbackup is copying InnoDB tables, reads and writes to both InnoDB and MyISAM tables can continue. During the copying of MyISAM tables, reads (but not writes) to those tables are permitted. MySQL Enterprise Backup can also create compressed backup files, and back up subsets of tables and databases. In conjunction with MySQL's binary log, users can perform point-in-time recovery. MySQL Enterprise Backup is part of the MySQL Enterprise subscription. For more details, see Section 24.2, "MySQL Enterprise Backup".

Cold Backups

If you can shut down your MySQL server, you can make a binary backup that consists of all files used by InnoDB to manage its tables. Use the following procedure:

Alternative Backup Types

In addition to making binary backups as just described, regularly make dumps of your tables with mysqldump. A binary file might be corrupted without you noticing it. Dumped tables are stored into text files that are human-readable, so spotting table corruption becomes easier. Also, because the format is simpler, the chance for serious data corruption is smaller. mysqldump also has a --single-transaction option for making a consistent snapshot without locking out other clients. See Section 7.3.1, "Establishing a Backup Policy".

Replication works with InnoDB tables, so you can use MySQL replication capabilities to keep a copy of your database at database sites requiring high availability.

Performing Recovery

To recover your InnoDB database to the present from the time at which the binary backup was made, you must run your MySQL server with binary logging turned on, even before taking the backup. To achieve point-in-time recovery after restoring a backup, you can apply changes from the binary log that occurred after the backup was made. See Section 7.5, "Point-in-Time (Incremental) Recovery Using the Binary Log".

To recover from a crash of your MySQL server, the only requirement is to restart it. InnoDB automatically checks the logs and performs a roll-forward of the database to the present. InnoDB automatically rolls back uncommitted transactions that were present at the time of the crash. During recovery, mysqld displays output something like this:

InnoDB: Database was not shut down normally.InnoDB: Starting recovery from log files...InnoDB: Starting log scan based on checkpoint atInnoDB: log sequence number 0 13674004InnoDB: Doing recovery: scanned up to log sequence number 0 13739520InnoDB: Doing recovery: scanned up to log sequence number 0 13805056InnoDB: Doing recovery: scanned up to log sequence number 0 13870592InnoDB: Doing recovery: scanned up to log sequence number 0 13936128...InnoDB: Doing recovery: scanned up to log sequence number 0 20555264InnoDB: Doing recovery: scanned up to log sequence number 0 20620800InnoDB: Doing recovery: scanned up to log sequence number 0 20664692InnoDB: 1 uncommitted transaction(s) which must be rolled backInnoDB: Starting rollback of uncommitted transactionsInnoDB: Rolling back trx no 16745InnoDB: Rolling back of trx no 16745 completedInnoDB: Rollback of uncommitted transactions completedInnoDB: Starting an apply batch of log records to the database...InnoDB: Apply batch completedInnoDB: Startedmysqld: ready for connections

If your database becomes corrupted or disk failure occurs, you must perform the recovery using a backup. In the case of corruption, first find a backup that is not corrupted. After restoring the base backup, do a point-in-time recovery from the binary log files using mysqlbinlog and mysql to restore the changes that occurred after the backup was made.

In some cases of database corruption, it is enough just to dump, drop, and re-create one or a few corrupt tables. You can use the CHECK TABLE SQL statement to check whether a table is corrupt, although CHECK TABLE naturally cannot detect every possible kind of corruption. You can use the Tablespace Monitor to check the integrity of the file space management inside the tablespace files.

In some cases, apparent database page corruption is actually due to the operating system corrupting its own file cache, and the data on disk may be okay. It is best first to try restarting your computer. Doing so may eliminate errors that appeared to be database page corruption. If MySQL still has trouble starting because of InnoDB consistency problems, see Section 14.2.4.6, "Starting InnoDB on a Corrupted Database" for steps to start the instance in a diagnostic mode where you can dump the data.