19.7. Binary Logging of Stored Programs

The binary log contains information about SQL statements that modify database contents. This information is stored in the form of "events" that describe the modifications. The binary log has two important purposes:

For replication, the binary log is used on master replication servers as a record of the statements to be sent to slave servers. The master server sends the events contained in its binary log to its slaves, which execute those events to make the same data changes that were made on the master. See Section 16.2, "Replication Implementation".
Certain data recovery operations require use of the binary log. After a backup file has been restored, the events in the binary log that were recorded after the backup was made are re-executed. These events bring databases up to date from the point of the backup. See Section 7.3.2, "Using Backups for Recovery".

However, there are certain binary logging issues that apply with respect to stored programs (stored procedures and functions, triggers, and events), if logging occurs at the statement level:

In some cases, it is possible that a statement will affect different sets of rows on a master and a slave.
Replicated statements executed on a slave are processed by the slave SQL thread, which has full privileges. It is possible for a procedure to follow different execution paths on master and slave servers, so a user can write a routine containing a dangerous statement that will execute only on the slave where it is processed by a thread that has full privileges.
If a stored program that modifies data is nondeterministic, it is not repeatable. This can result in different data on a master and slave, or cause restored data to differ from the original data.

This section describes how MySQL 5.6 handles binary logging for stored programs. It states the current conditions that the implementation places on the use of stored programs, and what you can do to avoid problems. It also provides additional information about the reasons for these conditions.

In general, the issues described here result when binary logging occurs at the SQL statement level. If you use row-based binary logging, the log contains changes made to individual rows as a result of executing SQL statements. When routines or triggers execute, row changes are logged, not the statements that make the changes. For stored procedures, this means that the CALL statement is not logged. For stored functions, row changes made within the function are logged, not the function invocation. For triggers, row changes made by the trigger are logged. On the slave side, only the row changes are seen, not the stored program invocation. For general information about row-based logging, see Section 16.1.2, "Replication Formats".

Unless noted otherwise, the remarks here assume that you have enabled binary logging by starting the server with the --log-bin option. (See Section 5.2.4, "The Binary Log".) If the binary log is not enabled, replication is not possible, nor is the binary log available for data recovery.

The current conditions on the use of stored functions in MySQL 5.6 can be summarized as follows. These conditions do not apply to stored procedures or Event Scheduler events and they do not apply unless binary logging is enabled.

To create or alter a stored function, you must have the SUPER privilege, in addition to the CREATE ROUTINE or ALTER ROUTINE privilege that is normally required. (Depending on the DEFINER value in the function definition, SUPER might be required regardless of whether binary logging is enabled. See Section 13.1.15, "CREATE PROCEDURE and CREATE FUNCTION Syntax".)
When you create a stored function, you must declare either that it is deterministic or that it does not modify data. Otherwise, it may be unsafe for data recovery or replication.

By default, for a CREATE FUNCTION statement to be accepted, at least one of DETERMINISTIC, NO SQL, or READS SQL DATA must be specified explicitly. Otherwise an error occurs:
```
ERROR 1418 (HY000): This function has none of DETERMINISTIC, NO SQL,or READS SQL DATA in its declaration and binary logging is enabled(you *might* want to use the less safe log_bin_trust_function_creatorsvariable)
```
This function is deterministic (and does not modify data), so it is safe:
```
CREATE FUNCTION f1(i INT)RETURNS INTDETERMINISTICREADS SQL DATABEGIN  RETURN i;END;
```
This function uses UUID(), which is not deterministic, so the function also is not deterministic and is not safe:
```
CREATE FUNCTION f2()RETURNS CHAR(36) CHARACTER SET utf8BEGIN  RETURN UUID();END;
```
This function modifies data, so it may not be safe:
```
CREATE FUNCTION f3(p_id INT)RETURNS INTBEGIN  UPDATE t SET modtime = NOW() WHERE id = p_id;  RETURN ROW_COUNT();END;
```
Assessment of the nature of a function is based on the "honesty" of the creator: MySQL does not check that a function declared DETERMINISTIC is free of statements that produce nondeterministic results.
Although it is possible to create a deterministic stored function without specifying DETERMINISTIC, you cannot execute this function using statement-based binary logging. To execute such a function, you must use row-based or mixed binary logging. Alternatively, if you explicitly specify DETERMINISTIC in the function definition, you can use any kind of logging, including statement-based logging.
To relax the preceding conditions on function creation (that you must have the SUPER privilege and that a function must be declared deterministic or to not modify data), set the global log_bin_trust_function_creators system variable to 1. By default, this variable has a value of 0, but you can change it like this:
```
mysql> SET GLOBAL
                    log_bin_trust_function_creators = 1;
```
You can also set this variable by using the --log-bin-trust-function-creators=1 option when starting the server.

If binary logging is not enabled, log_bin_trust_function_creators does not apply. SUPER is not required for function creation unless, as described previously, the DEFINER value in the function definition requires it.
For information about built-in functions that may be unsafe for replication (and thus cause stored functions that use them to be unsafe as well), see Section 16.4.1, "Replication Features and Issues".

Triggers are similar to stored functions, so the preceding remarks regarding functions also apply to triggers with the following exception: CREATE TRIGGER does not have an optional DETERMINISTIC characteristic, so triggers are assumed to be always deterministic. However, this assumption might in some cases be invalid. For example, the UUID() function is nondeterministic (and does not replicate). You should be careful about using such functions in triggers.

Triggers can update tables, so error messages similar to those for stored functions occur with CREATE TRIGGER if you do not have the required privileges. On the slave side, the slave uses the trigger DEFINER attribute to determine which user is considered to be the creator of the trigger.

The rest of this section provides additional detail about the logging implementation and its implications. You need not read it unless you are interested in the background on the rationale for the current logging-related conditions on stored routine use. This discussion applies only for statement-based logging, and not for row-based logging, with the exception of the first item: CREATE and DROP statements are logged as statements regardless of the logging mode.

The server writes CREATE EVENT, CREATE PROCEDURE, CREATE FUNCTION, ALTER EVENT, ALTER PROCEDURE, ALTER FUNCTION, DROP EVENT, DROP PROCEDURE, and DROP FUNCTION statements to the binary log.
A stored function invocation is logged as a SELECT statement if the function changes data and occurs within a statement that would not otherwise be logged. This prevents nonreplication of data changes that result from use of stored functions in nonlogged statements. For example, SELECT statements are not written to the binary log, but a SELECT might invoke a stored function that makes changes. To handle this, a SELECT func_name() statement is written to the binary log when the given function makes a change. Suppose that the following statements are executed on the master:
```
CREATE FUNCTION f1(a INT) RETURNS INTBEGIN  IF (a < 3) THEN    INSERT INTO t2 VALUES (a);  END IF;  RETURN 0;END;CREATE TABLE t1 (a INT);INSERT INTO t1 VALUES (1),(2),(3);SELECT f1(a) FROM t1;
```
When the SELECT statement executes, the function f1() is invoked three times. Two of those invocations insert a row, and MySQL logs a SELECT statement for each of them. That is, MySQL writes the following statements to the binary log:
```
SELECT f1(1);SELECT f1(2);
```
The server also logs a SELECT statement for a stored function invocation when the function invokes a stored procedure that causes an error. In this case, the server writes the SELECT statement to the log along with the expected error code. On the slave, if the same error occurs, that is the expected result and replication continues. Otherwise, replication stops.
Logging stored function invocations rather than the statements executed by a function has a security implication for replication, which arises from two factors:
- It is possible for a function to follow different execution paths on master and slave servers.
- Statements executed on a slave are processed by the slave SQL thread which has full privileges.
The implication is that although a user must have the CREATE ROUTINE privilege to create a function, the user can write a function containing a dangerous statement that will execute only on the slave where it is processed by a thread that has full privileges. For example, if the master and slave servers have server ID values of 1 and 2, respectively, a user on the master server could create and invoke an unsafe function unsafe_func() as follows:
```
mysql> delimiter //mysql> CREATE FUNCTION unsafe_func () RETURNS
                    INT    -> BEGIN    ->   IF
                    @@server_id=2 THEN dangerous_statement; END
                    IF;    ->   RETURN
                    1;    -> END;    -> //mysql> delimiter
                    ;mysql> INSERT INTO t
                    VALUES(unsafe_func());
```
The CREATE FUNCTION and INSERT statements are written to the binary log, so the slave will execute them. Because the slave SQL thread has full privileges, it will execute the dangerous statement. Thus, the function invocation has different effects on the master and slave and is not replication-safe.

To guard against this danger for servers that have binary logging enabled, stored function creators must have the SUPER privilege, in addition to the usual CREATE ROUTINE privilege that is required. Similarly, to use ALTER FUNCTION, you must have the SUPER privilege in addition to the ALTER ROUTINE privilege. Without the SUPER privilege, an error will occur:
```
ERROR 1419 (HY000): You do not have the SUPER privilege andbinary logging is enabled (you *might* want to use the less safelog_bin_trust_function_creators variable)
```
If you do not want to require function creators to have the SUPER privilege (for example, if all users with the CREATE ROUTINE privilege on your system are experienced application developers), set the global log_bin_trust_function_creators system variable to 1. You can also set this variable by using the --log-bin-trust-function-creators=1 option when starting the server. If binary logging is not enabled, log_bin_trust_function_creators does not apply. SUPER is not required for function creation unless, as described previously, the DEFINER value in the function definition requires it.
If a function that performs updates is nondeterministic, it is not repeatable. This can have two undesirable effects:
- It will make a slave different from the master.
- Restored data will be different from the original data.
To deal with these problems, MySQL enforces the following requirement: On a master server, creation and alteration of a function is refused unless you declare the function to be deterministic or to not modify data. Two sets of function characteristics apply here:
- The DETERMINISTIC and NOT DETERMINISTIC characteristics indicate whether a function always produces the same result for given inputs. The default is NOT DETERMINISTIC if neither characteristic is given. To declare that a function is deterministic, you must specify DETERMINISTIC explicitly.
- The CONTAINS SQL, NO SQL, READS SQL DATA, and MODIFIES SQL DATA characteristics provide information about whether the function reads or writes data. Either NO SQL or READS SQL DATA indicates that a function does not change data, but you must specify one of these explicitly because the default is CONTAINS SQL if no characteristic is given.
By default, for a CREATE FUNCTION statement to be accepted, at least one of DETERMINISTIC, NO SQL, or READS SQL DATA must be specified explicitly. Otherwise an error occurs:
```
ERROR 1418 (HY000): This function has none of DETERMINISTIC, NO SQL,or READS SQL DATA in its declaration and binary logging is enabled(you *might* want to use the less safe log_bin_trust_function_creatorsvariable)
```
If you set log_bin_trust_function_creators to 1, the requirement that functions be deterministic or not modify data is dropped.
Stored procedure calls are logged at the statement level rather than at the CALL level. That is, the server does not log the CALL statement, it logs those statements within the procedure that actually execute. As a result, the same changes that occur on the master will be observed on slave servers. This prevents problems that could result from a procedure having different execution paths on different machines.

In general, statements executed within a stored procedure are written to the binary log using the same rules that would apply were the statements to be executed in standalone fashion. Some special care is taken when logging procedure statements because statement execution within procedures is not quite the same as in nonprocedure context:
- A statement to be logged might contain references to local procedure variables. These variables do not exist outside of stored procedure context, so a statement that refers to such a variable cannot be logged literally. Instead, each reference to a local variable is replaced by this construct for logging purposes:
```
NAME_CONST(var_name, var_value)
```
  var_name is the local variable name, and var_value is a constant indicating the value that the variable has at the time the statement is logged. NAME_CONST() has a value of var_value, and a "name" of var_name. Thus, if you invoke this function directly, you get a result like this:
```
mysql> SELECT
                                NAME_CONST('myname', 14);+--------+| myname |+--------+|     14 |+--------+
```
  NAME_CONST() enables a logged standalone statement to be executed on a slave with the same effect as the original statement that was executed on the master within a stored procedure.
  
  The use of NAME_CONST() can result in a problem for CREATE TABLE ... SELECT statements when the source column expressions refer to local variables. Converting these references to NAME_CONST() expressions can result in column names that are different on the master and slave servers, or names that are too long to be legal column identifiers. A workaround is to supply aliases for columns that refer to local variables. Consider this statement when myvar has a value of 1:
```
CREATE TABLE t1 SELECT myvar;
```
  That will be rewritten as follows:
```
CREATE TABLE t1 SELECT NAME_CONST(myvar, 1);
```
  To ensure that the master and slave tables have the same column names, write the statement like this:
```
CREATE TABLE t1 SELECT myvar AS myvar;
```
  The rewritten statement becomes:
```
CREATE TABLE t1 SELECT NAME_CONST(myvar, 1) AS myvar;
```
- A statement to be logged might contain references to user-defined variables. To handle this, MySQL writes a SET statement to the binary log to make sure that the variable exists on the slave with the same value as on the master. For example, if a statement refers to a variable @my_var, that statement will be preceded in the binary log by the following statement, where value is the value of @my_var on the master:
```
SET @my_var = value;
```
- Procedure calls can occur within a committed or rolled-back transaction. Transactional context is accounted for so that the transactional aspects of procedure execution are replicated correctly. That is, the server logs those statements within the procedure that actually execute and modify data, and also logs BEGIN, COMMIT, and ROLLBACK statements as necessary. For example, if a procedure updates only transactional tables and is executed within a transaction that is rolled back, those updates are not logged. If the procedure occurs within a committed transaction, BEGIN and COMMIT statements are logged with the updates. For a procedure that executes within a rolled-back transaction, its statements are logged using the same rules that would apply if the statements were executed in standalone fashion:
  - Updates to transactional tables are not logged.
  - Updates to nontransactional tables are logged because rollback does not cancel them.
  - Updates to a mix of transactional and nontransactional tables are logged surrounded by BEGIN and ROLLBACK so that slaves will make the same changes and rollbacks as on the master.
A stored procedure call is not written to the binary log at the statement level if the procedure is invoked from within a stored function. In that case, the only thing logged is the statement that invokes the function (if it occurs within a statement that is logged) or a DO statement (if it occurs within a statement that is not logged). For this reason, care should be exercised in the use of stored functions that invoke a procedure, even if the procedure is otherwise safe in itself.