MySQL 5.7 Reference Manual

Table of Contents

Preface and Legal Notices

1. General Information

1.1. About This Manual

1.2. Typographical and Syntax Conventions

1.3. Overview of the MySQL Database Management System

1.3.1. What is MySQL?

1.3.2. The Main Features of MySQL

1.3.3. History of MySQL

1.4. What Is New in MySQL 5.7

1.5. MySQL Development History

1.6. MySQL Information Sources

1.6.1. MySQL Mailing Lists

1.6.2. MySQL Community Support at the MySQL Forums

1.6.3. MySQL Community Support on Internet Relay Chat (IRC)

1.6.4. MySQL Enterprise

1.7. How to Report Bugs or Problems

1.8. MySQL Standards Compliance

1.8.1. What Standards MySQL Follows

1.8.2. Selecting SQL Modes

1.8.3. Running MySQL in ANSI Mode

1.8.4. MySQL Extensions to Standard SQL

1.8.5. MySQL Differences from Standard SQL

1.8.6. How MySQL Deals with Constraints

1.9. Credits

1.9.1. Contributors to MySQL

1.9.2. Documenters and translators

1.9.3. Packages that support MySQL

1.9.4. Tools that were used to create MySQL

1.9.5. Supporters of MySQL

2. Installing and Upgrading MySQL

2.1. General Installation Guidance

2.1.1. Operating Systems Supported by MySQL Community Server

2.1.2. Choosing Which MySQL Distribution to Install

2.1.3. How to Get MySQL

2.1.4. Verifying Package Integrity Using MD5 Checksums or GnuPG

2.1.5. Installation Layouts

2.1.6. Compiler-Specific Build Characteristics

2.2. Installing MySQL on Unix/Linux Using Generic Binaries

2.3. Installing MySQL on Microsoft Windows

2.3.1. MySQL Installation Layout on Microsoft Windows

2.3.2. Choosing An Installation Package

2.3.3. Installing MySQL on Microsoft Windows Using MySQL Installer

2.3.4. MySQL Notifier for Microsoft Windows

2.3.5. Installing MySQL on Microsoft Windows Using a noinstall Zip Archive

2.3.6. Troubleshooting a Microsoft Windows MySQL Server Installation

2.3.7. Upgrading MySQL on Windows

2.3.8. Windows Postinstallation Procedures

2.4. Installing MySQL on Mac OS X

2.4.1. General Notes on Installing MySQL on Mac OS X

2.4.2. Installing MySQL on Mac OS X Using Native Packages

2.4.3. Installing the MySQL Startup Item

2.4.4. Installing and Using the MySQL Preference Pane

2.4.5. Using the Bundled MySQL on Mac OS X Server

2.5. Installing MySQL on Linux

2.5.1. Installing MySQL on Linux Using RPM Packages

2.5.2. Installing MySQL on Linux Using Debian Packages

2.5.3. Installing MySQL on Linux Using Native Package Managers

2.6. Installing MySQL on Solaris and OpenSolaris

2.6.1. Installing MySQL on Solaris Using a Solaris PKG

2.6.2. Installing MySQL on OpenSolaris Using IPS

2.7. Installing MySQL on HP-UX

2.7.1. General Notes on Installing MySQL on HP-UX

2.7.2. Installing MySQL on HP-UX Using DEPOT Packages

2.8. Installing MySQL on FreeBSD

2.9. Installing MySQL from Source

2.9.1. MySQL Layout for Source Installation

2.9.2. Installing MySQL Using a Standard Source Distribution

2.9.3. Installing MySQL Using a Development Source Tree

2.9.4. MySQL Source-Configuration Options

2.9.5. Dealing with Problems Compiling MySQL

2.9.6. MySQL Configuration and Third-Party Tools

2.10. Postinstallation Setup and Testing

2.10.1. Unix Postinstallation Procedures

2.10.2. Securing the Initial MySQL Accounts

2.11. Upgrading or Downgrading MySQL

2.11.1. Upgrading MySQL

2.11.2. Downgrading MySQL

2.11.3. Checking Whether Tables or Indexes Must Be Rebuilt

2.11.4. Rebuilding or Repairing Tables or Indexes

2.11.5. Copying MySQL Databases to Another Machine

2.12. Environment Variables

2.13. Perl Installation Notes

2.13.1. Installing Perl on Unix

2.13.2. Installing ActiveState Perl on Windows

2.13.3. Problems Using the Perl DBI/DBD Interface

3. Tutorial

3.1. Connecting to and Disconnecting from the Server

3.2. Entering Queries

3.3. Creating and Using a Database

3.3.1. Creating and Selecting a Database

3.3.2. Creating a Table

3.3.3. Loading Data into a Table

3.3.4. Retrieving Information from a Table

3.4. Getting Information About Databases and Tables

3.5. Using mysql in Batch Mode

3.6. Examples of Common Queries

3.6.1. The Maximum Value for a Column

3.6.2. The Row Holding the Maximum of a Certain Column

3.6.3. Maximum of Column per Group

3.6.4. The Rows Holding the Group-wise Maximum of a Certain Column

3.6.5. Using User-Defined Variables

3.6.6. Using Foreign Keys

3.6.7. Searching on Two Keys

3.6.8. Calculating Visits Per Day

3.6.9. Using AUTO_INCREMENT

3.7. Using MySQL with Apache

4. MySQL Programs

4.1. Overview of MySQL Programs

4.2. Using MySQL Programs

4.2.1. Invoking MySQL Programs

4.2.2. Connecting to the MySQL Server

4.2.3. Specifying Program Options

4.2.4. Setting Environment Variables

4.3. MySQL Server and Server-Startup Programs

4.3.1. mysqld — The MySQL Server

4.3.2. mysqld_safe — MySQL Server Startup Script

4.3.3. mysql.server — MySQL Server Startup Script

4.3.4. mysqld_multi — Manage Multiple MySQL Servers

4.4. MySQL Installation-Related Programs

4.4.1. comp_err — Compile MySQL Error Message File

4.4.2. mysqlbug — Generate Bug Report

4.4.3. mysql_install_db — Initialize MySQL Data Directory

4.4.4. mysql_plugin — Configure MySQL Server Plugins

4.4.5. mysql_secure_installation — Improve MySQL Installation Security

4.4.6. mysql_tzinfo_to_sql — Load the Time Zone Tables

4.4.7. mysql_upgrade — Check and Upgrade MySQL Tables

4.5. MySQL Client Programs

4.5.1. mysql — The MySQL Command-Line Tool

4.5.2. mysqladmin — Client for Administering a MySQL Server

4.5.3. mysqlcheck — A Table Maintenance Program

4.5.4. mysqldump — A Database Backup Program

4.5.5. mysqlimport — A Data Import Program

4.5.6. mysqlshow — Display Database, Table, and Column Information

4.5.7. mysqlslap — Load Emulation Client

4.6. MySQL Administrative and Utility Programs

4.6.1. innochecksum — Offline InnoDB File Checksum Utility

4.6.2. myisam_ftdump — Display Full-Text Index information

4.6.3. myisamchk — MyISAM Table-Maintenance Utility

4.6.4. myisamlog — Display MyISAM Log File Contents

4.6.5. myisampack — Generate Compressed, Read-Only MyISAM Tables

4.6.6. mysql_config_editor — MySQL Configuration Utility

4.6.7. mysqlaccess — Client for Checking Access Privileges

4.6.8. mysqlbinlog — Utility for Processing Binary Log Files

4.6.9. mysqldumpslow — Summarize Slow Query Log Files

4.6.10. mysqlhotcopy — A Database Backup Program

4.6.11. mysql_convert_table_format — Convert Tables to Use a Given StorageEngine

4.6.12. mysql_find_rows — Extract SQL Statements from Files

4.6.13. mysql_fix_extensions — Normalize Table File Name Extensions

4.6.14. mysql_setpermission — Interactively Set Permissions in GrantTables

4.6.15. mysql_waitpid — Kill Process and Wait for Its Termination

4.6.16. mysql_zap — Kill Processes That Match a Pattern

4.7. MySQL Program Development Utilities

4.7.1. msql2mysql — Convert mSQL Programs for Use with MySQL

4.7.2. mysql_config — Display Options for Compiling Clients

4.7.3. my_print_defaults — Display Options from Option Files

4.7.4. resolve_stack_dump — Resolve Numeric Stack Trace Dump to Symbols

4.8. Miscellaneous Programs

4.8.1. perror — Explain Error Codes

4.8.2. replace — A String-Replacement Utility

4.8.3. resolveip — Resolve Host name to IP Address or ViceVersa

5. MySQL Server Administration

5.1. The MySQL Server

5.1.1. Server Option and Variable Reference

5.1.2. Server Configuration Defaults

5.1.3. Server Command Options

5.1.4. Server System Variables

5.1.5. Using System Variables

5.1.6. Server Status Variables

5.1.7. Server SQL Modes

5.1.8. Server Plugins

5.1.9. IPv6 Support

5.1.10. Server-Side Help

5.1.11. Server Response to Signals

5.1.12. The Shutdown Process

5.2. MySQL Server Logs

5.2.1. Selecting General Query and Slow Query Log Output Destinations

5.2.2. The Error Log

5.2.3. The General Query Log

5.2.4. The Binary Log

5.2.5. The Slow Query Log

5.2.6. Server Log Maintenance

5.3. Managing Disk I/O and File Space for InnoDB Tables

5.3.1. InnoDB Disk I/O

5.3.2. File Space Management

5.3.3. InnoDB Checkpoints

5.3.4. Defragmenting a Table

5.4. Creating and Using InnoDB Tables and Indexes

5.4.1. Managing InnoDB Tablespaces

5.4.2. Grouping DML Operations with Transactions

5.4.3. Converting Tables from MyISAM to InnoDB

5.4.4. AUTO_INCREMENT Handling in InnoDB

5.4.5. InnoDB and FOREIGN KEY Constraints

5.4.6. Working with InnoDB Compressed Tables

5.4.7. InnoDB File-Format Management

5.4.8. How InnoDB Stores Variable-Length Columns

5.5. Online DDL for InnoDB Tables

5.5.1. Overview of Online DDL

5.5.2. Performance and Concurrency Considerations for Online DDL

5.5.3. SQL Syntax for Online DDL

5.5.4. Combining or Separating DDL Statements

5.5.5. Examples of Online DDL

5.5.6. Implementation Details of Online DDL

5.5.7. How Crash Recovery Works with Online DDL

5.5.8. DDL for Partitioned Tables

5.5.9. Limitations of Online DDL

5.6. Running Multiple MySQL Instances on One Machine

5.6.1. Setting Up Multiple Data Directories

5.6.2. Running Multiple MySQL Instances on Windows

5.6.3. Running Multiple MySQL Instances on Unix

5.6.4. Using Client Programs in a Multiple-Server Environment

5.7. Tracing mysqld Using DTrace

5.7.1. mysqld DTrace Probe Reference

6. Security

6.1. General Security Issues

6.1.1. Security Guidelines

6.1.2. Keeping Passwords Secure

6.1.3. Making MySQL Secure Against Attackers

6.1.4. Security-Related mysqld Options and Variables

6.1.5. How to Run MySQL as a Normal User

6.1.6. Security Issues with LOAD DATA LOCAL

6.1.7. Client Programming Security Guidelines

6.2. The MySQL Access Privilege System

6.2.1. Privileges Provided by MySQL

6.2.2. Privilege System Grant Tables

6.2.3. Specifying Account Names

6.2.4. Access Control, Stage 1: Connection Verification

6.2.5. Access Control, Stage 2: Request Verification

6.2.6. When Privilege Changes Take Effect

6.2.7. Causes of Access-Denied Errors

6.3. MySQL User Account Management

6.3.1. User Names and Passwords

6.3.2. Adding User Accounts

6.3.3. Removing User Accounts

6.3.4. Setting Account Resource Limits

6.3.5. Assigning Account Passwords

6.3.6. Password Expiration and Sandbox Mode

6.3.7. Pluggable Authentication

6.3.8. Proxy Users

6.3.9. Using SSL for Secure Connections

6.3.10. Connecting to MySQL Remotely from Windows with SSH

6.3.11. MySQL Enterprise Audit Log Plugin

6.3.12. SQL-Based MySQL Account Activity Auditing

7. Backup and Recovery

7.1. Backup and Recovery Types

7.2. Database Backup Methods

7.3. Example Backup and Recovery Strategy

7.3.1. Establishing a Backup Policy

7.3.2. Using Backups for Recovery

7.3.3. Backup Strategy Summary

7.4. Using mysqldump for Backups

7.4.1. Dumping Data in SQL Format with mysqldump

7.4.2. Reloading SQL-Format Backups

7.4.3. Dumping Data in Delimited-Text Format with mysqldump

7.4.4. Reloading Delimited-Text Format Backups

7.4.5. mysqldump Tips

7.5. Point-in-Time (Incremental) Recovery Using the Binary Log

7.5.1. Point-in-Time Recovery Using Event Times

7.5.2. Point-in-Time Recovery Using Event Positions

7.6. MyISAM Table Maintenance and Crash Recovery

7.6.1. Using myisamchk for Crash Recovery

7.6.2. How to Check MyISAM Tables for Errors

7.6.3. How to Repair MyISAM Tables

7.6.4. MyISAM Table Optimization

7.6.5. Setting Up a MyISAM Table Maintenance Schedule

8. Optimization

8.1. Optimization Overview

8.2. Optimizing SQL Statements

8.2.1. Optimizing SELECT Statements

8.2.2. Optimizing DML Statements

8.2.3. Optimizing Database Privileges

8.2.4. Optimizing INFORMATION_SCHEMA Queries

8.2.5. Other Optimization Tips

8.3. Optimization and Indexes

8.3.1. How MySQL Uses Indexes

8.3.2. Using Primary Keys

8.3.3. Using Foreign Keys

8.3.4. Column Indexes

8.3.5. Multiple-Column Indexes

8.3.6. Verifying Index Usage

8.3.7. InnoDB and MyISAM Index Statistics Collection

8.3.8. Comparison of B-Tree and Hash Indexes

8.4. Optimizing Database Structure

8.4.1. Optimizing Data Size

8.4.2. Optimizing MySQL Data Types

8.4.3. Optimizing for Many Tables

8.5. Optimizing for InnoDB Tables

8.5.1. Optimizing Storage Layout for InnoDB Tables

8.5.2. Optimizing InnoDB Transaction Management

8.5.3. Optimizing InnoDB Logging

8.5.4. Bulk Data Loading for InnoDB Tables

8.5.5. Optimizing InnoDB Queries

8.5.6. Optimizing InnoDB DDL Operations

8.5.7. Optimizing InnoDB Disk I/O

8.5.8. Optimizing InnoDB Configuration Variables

8.5.9. Optimizing InnoDB for Systems with Many Tables

8.6. Optimizing for MyISAM Tables

8.6.1. Optimizing MyISAM Queries

8.6.2. Bulk Data Loading for MyISAM Tables

8.6.3. Speed of REPAIR TABLE Statements

8.7. Optimizing for MEMORY Tables

8.8. Understanding the Query Execution Plan

8.8.1. Optimizing Queries with EXPLAIN

8.8.2. EXPLAIN Output Format

8.8.3. EXPLAIN EXTENDED Output Format

8.8.4. Estimating Query Performance

8.8.5. Controlling the Query Optimizer

8.9. Buffering and Caching

8.9.1. The InnoDB Buffer Pool

8.9.2. The MyISAM Key Cache

8.9.3. The MySQL Query Cache

8.9.4. Caching of Prepared Statements and Stored Programs

8.10. Optimizing Locking Operations

8.10.1. Internal Locking Methods

8.10.2. Table Locking Issues

8.10.3. Concurrent Inserts

8.10.4. Metadata Locking

8.10.5. External Locking

8.11. Optimizing the MySQL Server

8.11.1. System Factors and Startup Parameter Tuning

8.11.2. Tuning Server Parameters

8.11.3. Optimizing Disk I/O

8.11.4. Optimizing Memory Use

8.11.5. Optimizing Network Use

8.12. Measuring Performance (Benchmarking)

8.12.1. Measuring the Speed of Expressions and Functions

8.12.2. The MySQL Benchmark Suite

8.12.3. Using Your Own Benchmarks

8.12.4. Measuring Performance with performance_schema

8.12.5. Examining Thread Information

8.13. Internal Details of MySQL Optimizations

8.13.1. Range Optimization

8.13.2. Index Merge Optimization

8.13.3. Engine Condition Pushdown Optimization

8.13.4. Index Condition Pushdown Optimization

8.13.5. Use of Index Extensions

8.13.6. IS NULL Optimization

8.13.7. LEFT JOIN and RIGHT JOIN Optimization

8.13.8. Nested-Loop Join Algorithms

8.13.9. Nested Join Optimization

8.13.10. Outer Join Simplification

8.13.11. Multi-Range Read Optimization

8.13.12. Block Nested-Loop and Batched Key Access Joins

8.13.13. ORDER BY Optimization

8.13.14. GROUP BY Optimization

8.13.15. DISTINCT Optimization

8.13.16. Subquery Optimization

9. Language Structure

9.1. Literal Values

9.1.1. String Literals

9.1.2. Number Literals

9.1.3. Date and Time Literals

9.1.4. Hexadecimal Literals

9.1.5. Boolean Literals

9.1.6. Bit-Field Literals

9.1.7. NULL Values

9.2. Schema Object Names

9.2.1. Identifier Qualifiers

9.2.2. Identifier Case Sensitivity

9.2.3. Mapping of Identifiers to File Names

9.2.4. Function Name Parsing and Resolution

9.3. Reserved Words

9.4. User-Defined Variables

9.5. Expression Syntax

9.6. Comment Syntax

10. Globalization

10.1. Character Set Support

10.1.1. Character Sets and Collations in General

10.1.2. Character Sets and Collations in MySQL

10.1.3. Specifying Character Sets and Collations

10.1.4. Connection Character Sets and Collations

10.1.5. Configuring the Character Set and Collation for Applications

10.1.6. Character Set for Error Messages

10.1.7. Collation Issues

10.1.8. String Repertoire

10.1.9. Operations Affected by Character Set Support

10.1.10. Unicode Support

10.1.11. Upgrading from Previous to Current Unicode Support

10.1.12. UTF-8 for Metadata

10.1.13. Column Character Set Conversion

10.1.14. Character Sets and Collations That MySQL Supports

10.2. Setting the Error Message Language

10.3. Adding a Character Set

10.3.1. Character Definition Arrays

10.3.2. String Collating Support for Complex Character Sets

10.3.3. Multi-Byte Character Support for Complex Character Sets

10.4. Adding a Collation to a Character Set

10.4.1. Collation Implementation Types

10.4.2. Choosing a Collation ID

10.4.3. Adding a Simple Collation to an 8-Bit Character Set

10.4.4. Adding a UCA Collation to a Unicode Character Set

10.5. Character Set Configuration

10.6. MySQL Server Time Zone Support

10.6.1. Staying Current with Time Zone Changes

10.6.2. Time Zone Leap Second Support

10.7. MySQL Server Locale Support

11. Data Types

11.1. Data Type Overview

11.1.1. Numeric Type Overview

11.1.2. Date and Time Type Overview

11.1.3. String Type Overview

11.2. Numeric Types

11.2.1. Integer Types (Exact Value) - INTEGER, INT, SMALLINT, TINYINT, MEDIUMINT, BIGINT

11.2.2. Fixed-Point Types (Exact Value) - DECIMAL, NUMERIC

11.2.3. Floating-Point Types (Approximate Value) - FLOAT, DOUBLE

11.2.4. Bit-Value Type - BIT

11.2.5. Numeric Type Attributes

11.2.6. Out-of-Range and Overflow Handling

11.3. Date and Time Types

11.3.1. The DATE, DATETIME, and TIMESTAMP Types

11.3.2. The TIME Type

11.3.3. The YEAR Type

11.3.4. YEAR(2) Limitations and Migrating to YEAR(4)

11.3.5. Automatic Initialization and Updating for TIMESTAMP and DATETIME

11.3.6. Fractional Seconds in Time Values

11.3.7. Conversion Between Date and Time Types

11.3.8. Two-Digit Years in Dates

11.4. String Types

11.4.1. The CHAR and VARCHAR Types

11.4.2. The BINARY and VARBINARY Types

11.4.3. The BLOB and TEXT Types

11.4.4. The ENUM Type

11.4.5. The SET Type

11.5. Data Type Default Values

11.6. Data Type Storage Requirements

11.7. Choosing the Right Type for a Column

11.8. Using Data Types from Other Database Engines

12. Functions and Operators

12.1. Function and Operator Reference

12.2. Type Conversion in Expression Evaluation

12.3. Operators

12.3.1. Operator Precedence

12.3.2. Comparison Functions and Operators

12.3.3. Logical Operators

12.3.4. Assignment Operators

12.4. Control Flow Functions

12.5. String Functions

12.5.1. String Comparison Functions

12.5.2. Regular Expressions

12.6. Numeric Functions and Operators

12.6.1. Arithmetic Operators

12.6.2. Mathematical Functions

12.7. Date and Time Functions

12.8. What Calendar Is Used By MySQL?

12.9. Full-Text Search Functions

12.9.1. Natural Language Full-Text Searches

12.9.2. Boolean Full-Text Searches

12.9.3. Full-Text Searches with Query Expansion

12.9.4. Full-Text Stopwords

12.9.5. Full-Text Restrictions

12.9.6. Fine-Tuning MySQL Full-Text Search

12.9.7. Adding a Collation for Full-Text Indexing

12.10. Cast Functions and Operators

12.11. XML Functions

12.12. Bit Functions

12.13. Encryption and Compression Functions

12.14. Information Functions

12.15. Functions Used with Global Transaction IDs

12.16. Miscellaneous Functions

12.17. Functions and Modifiers for Use with GROUP BY Clauses

12.17.1. GROUP BY (Aggregate) Functions

12.17.2. GROUP BY Modifiers

12.17.3. MySQL Extensions to GROUP BY

12.18. Spatial Extensions

12.18.1. Introduction to MySQL Spatial Support

12.18.2. The OpenGIS Geometry Model

12.18.3. Supported Spatial Data Formats

12.18.4. Creating a Spatially Enabled MySQL Database

12.18.5. Spatial Analysis Functions

12.18.6. Optimizing Spatial Analysis

12.18.7. MySQL Conformance and Compatibility

12.19. Precision Math

12.19.1. Types of Numeric Values

12.19.2. DECIMAL Data Type Changes

12.19.3. Expression Handling

12.19.4. Rounding Behavior

12.19.5. Precision Math Examples

13. SQL Statement Syntax

13.1. Data Definition Statements

13.1.1. ALTER DATABASE Syntax

13.1.2. ALTER EVENT Syntax

13.1.3. ALTER FUNCTION Syntax

13.1.4. ALTER PROCEDURE Syntax

13.1.5. ALTER SERVER Syntax

13.1.6. ALTER TABLE Syntax

13.1.7. ALTER VIEW Syntax

13.1.8. CREATE DATABASE Syntax

13.1.9. CREATE EVENT Syntax

13.1.10. CREATE FUNCTION Syntax

13.1.11. CREATE INDEX Syntax

13.1.12. CREATE PROCEDURE and CREATE FUNCTION Syntax

13.1.13. CREATE SERVER Syntax

13.1.14. CREATE TABLE Syntax

13.1.15. CREATE TRIGGER Syntax

13.1.16. CREATE VIEW Syntax

13.1.17. DROP DATABASE Syntax

13.1.18. DROP EVENT Syntax

13.1.19. DROP FUNCTION Syntax

13.1.20. DROP INDEX Syntax

13.1.21. DROP PROCEDURE and DROP FUNCTION Syntax

13.1.22. DROP SERVER Syntax

13.1.23. DROP TABLE Syntax

13.1.24. DROP TRIGGER Syntax

13.1.25. DROP VIEW Syntax

13.1.26. RENAME TABLE Syntax

13.1.27. TRUNCATE TABLE Syntax

13.2. Data Manipulation Statements

13.2.1. CALL Syntax

13.2.2. DELETE Syntax

13.2.3. DO Syntax

13.2.4. HANDLER Syntax

13.2.5. INSERT Syntax

13.2.6. LOAD DATA INFILE Syntax

13.2.7. LOAD XML Syntax

13.2.8. REPLACE Syntax

13.2.9. SELECT Syntax

13.2.10. Subquery Syntax

13.2.11. UPDATE Syntax

13.3. MySQL Transactional and Locking Statements

13.3.1. START TRANSACTION, COMMIT, and ROLLBACK Syntax

13.3.2. Statements That Cannot Be Rolled Back

13.3.3. Statements That Cause an Implicit Commit

13.3.4. SAVEPOINT, ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT, and RELEASE SAVEPOINT Syntax

13.3.5. LOCK TABLES and UNLOCK TABLES Syntax

13.3.6. SET TRANSACTION Syntax

13.3.7. XA Transactions

13.4. Replication Statements

13.4.1. SQL Statements for Controlling Master Servers

13.4.2. SQL Statements for Controlling Slave Servers

13.5. SQL Syntax for Prepared Statements

13.5.1. PREPARE Syntax

13.5.2. EXECUTE Syntax

13.5.3. DEALLOCATE PREPARE Syntax

13.6. MySQL Compound-Statement Syntax

13.6.1. BEGIN ... END Compound-Statement Syntax

13.6.2. Statement Label Syntax

13.6.3. DECLARE Syntax

13.6.4. Variables in Stored Programs

13.6.5. Flow Control Statements

13.6.6. Cursors

13.6.7. Condition Handling

13.7. Database Administration Statements

13.7.1. Account Management Statements

13.7.2. Table Maintenance Statements

13.7.3. Plugin and User-Defined Function Statements

13.7.4. SET Syntax

13.7.5. SHOW Syntax

13.7.6. Other Administrative Statements

13.8. MySQL Utility Statements

13.8.1. DESCRIBE Syntax

13.8.2. EXPLAIN Syntax

13.8.3. HELP Syntax

13.8.4. USE Syntax

14. Storage Engines

14.1. Setting the Storage Engine

14.2. The InnoDB Storage Engine

14.2.1. Getting Started with InnoDB Tables

14.2.2. Administering InnoDB

14.2.3. InnoDB Concepts and Architecture

14.2.4. InnoDB Performance Tuning and Troubleshooting

14.2.5. InnoDB Features for Flexibility, Ease of Use and Reliability

14.2.6. InnoDB Startup Options and System Variables

14.2.7. Limits on InnoDB Tables

14.2.8. MySQL and the ACID Model

14.2.9. InnoDB Integration with memcached

14.3. The MyISAM Storage Engine

14.3.1. MyISAM Startup Options

14.3.2. Space Needed for Keys

14.3.3. MyISAM Table Storage Formats

14.3.4. MyISAM Table Problems

14.4. The MEMORY Storage Engine

14.5. The CSV Storage Engine

14.5.1. Repairing and Checking CSV Tables

14.5.2. CSV Limitations

14.6. The ARCHIVE Storage Engine

14.7. The BLACKHOLE Storage Engine

14.8. The MERGE Storage Engine

14.8.1. MERGE Table Advantages and Disadvantages

14.8.2. MERGE Table Problems

14.9. The FEDERATED Storage Engine

14.9.1. FEDERATED Storage Engine Overview

14.9.2. How to Create FEDERATED Tables

14.9.3. FEDERATED Storage Engine Notes and Tips

14.9.4. FEDERATED Storage Engine Resources

14.10. The EXAMPLE Storage Engine

14.11. Other Storage Engines

14.12. Overview of MySQL Storage Engine Architecture

14.12.1. Pluggable Storage Engine Architecture

14.12.2. The Common Database Server Layer

15. High Availability and Scalability

15.1. Oracle VM Template for MySQL Enterprise Edition

15.2. Overview of MySQL with DRBD/Pacemaker/Corosync/Oracle Linux

15.3. Overview of MySQL with Windows Failover Clustering

15.4. Using MySQL within an Amazon EC2 Instance

15.4.1. Setting Up MySQL on an EC2 AMI

15.4.2. EC2 Instance Limitations

15.4.3. Deploying a MySQL Database Using EC2

15.5. Using ZFS Replication

15.5.1. Using ZFS for File System Replication

15.5.2. Configuring MySQL for ZFS Replication

15.5.3. Handling MySQL Recovery with ZFS

15.6. Using MySQL with memcached

15.6.1. Installing memcached

15.6.2. Using memcached

15.6.3. Developing a memcached Application

15.6.4. Getting memcached Statistics

15.6.5. memcached FAQ

15.7. MySQL Proxy

15.7.1. MySQL Proxy Supported Platforms

15.7.2. Installing MySQL Proxy

15.7.3. MySQL Proxy Command Options

15.7.4. MySQL Proxy Scripting

15.7.5. Using MySQL Proxy

15.7.6. MySQL Proxy FAQ

16. Replication

16.1. Replication Configuration

16.1.1. How to Set Up Replication

16.1.2. Replication Formats

16.1.3. Replication with Global Transaction Identifiers

16.1.4. Replication and Binary Logging Options and Variables

16.1.5. Common Replication Administration Tasks

16.2. Replication Implementation

16.2.1. Replication Implementation Details

16.2.2. Replication Relay and Status Logs

16.2.3. How Servers Evaluate Replication Filtering Rules

16.3. Replication Solutions

16.3.1. Using Replication for Backups

16.3.2. Using Replication with Different Master and Slave Storage Engines

16.3.3. Using Replication for Scale-Out

16.3.4. Replicating Different Databases to Different Slaves

16.3.5. Improving Replication Performance

16.3.6. Switching Masters During Failover

16.3.7. Setting Up Replication Using SSL

16.3.8. Semisynchronous Replication

16.3.9. Delayed Replication

16.4. Replication Notes and Tips

16.4.1. Replication Features and Issues

16.4.2. Replication Compatibility Between MySQL Versions

16.4.3. Upgrading a Replication Setup

16.4.4. Troubleshooting Replication

16.4.5. How to Report Replication Bugs or Problems

17. Partitioning

17.1. Overview of Partitioning in MySQL

17.2. Partitioning Types

17.2.1. RANGE Partitioning

17.2.2. LIST Partitioning

17.2.3. COLUMNS Partitioning

17.2.4. HASH Partitioning

17.2.5. KEY Partitioning

17.2.6. Subpartitioning

17.2.7. How MySQL Partitioning Handles NULL

17.3. Partition Management

17.3.1. Management of RANGE and LIST Partitions

17.3.2. Management of HASH and KEY Partitions

17.3.3. Exchanging Partitions and Subpartitions with Tables

17.3.4. Maintenance of Partitions

17.3.5. Obtaining Information About Partitions

17.4. Partition Pruning

17.5. Partition Selection

17.6. Restrictions and Limitations on Partitioning

17.6.1. Partitioning Keys, Primary Keys, and Unique Keys

17.6.2. Partitioning Limitations Relating to Storage Engines

17.6.3. Partitioning Limitations Relating to Functions

17.6.4. Partitioning and Locking

18. Stored Programs and Views

18.1. Defining Stored Programs

18.2. Using Stored Routines (Procedures and Functions)

18.2.1. Stored Routine Syntax

18.2.2. Stored Routines and MySQL Privileges

18.2.3. Stored Routine Metadata

18.2.4. Stored Procedures, Functions, Triggers, and LAST_INSERT_ID()

18.3. Using Triggers

18.3.1. Trigger Syntax and Examples

18.3.2. Trigger Metadata

18.4. Using the Event Scheduler

18.4.1. Event Scheduler Overview

18.4.2. Event Scheduler Configuration

18.4.3. Event Syntax

18.4.4. Event Metadata

18.4.5. Event Scheduler Status

18.4.6. The Event Scheduler and MySQL Privileges

18.5. Using Views

18.5.1. View Syntax

18.5.2. View Processing Algorithms

18.5.3. Updatable and Insertable Views

18.5.4. View Metadata

18.6. Access Control for Stored Programs and Views

18.7. Binary Logging of Stored Programs

19. INFORMATION_SCHEMA Tables

19.1. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA CHARACTER_SETS Table

19.2. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA COLLATIONS Table

19.3. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA COLLATION_CHARACTER_SET_APPLICABILITY Table

19.4. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA COLUMNS Table

19.5. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA COLUMN_PRIVILEGES Table

19.6. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA ENGINES Table

19.7. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA EVENTS Table

19.8. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA FILES Table

19.9. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA GLOBAL_STATUS and SESSION_STATUS Tables

19.10. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA GLOBAL_VARIABLES and SESSION_VARIABLES Tables

19.11. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA KEY_COLUMN_USAGE Table

19.12. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA OPTIMIZER_TRACE Table

19.13. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA PARAMETERS Table

19.14. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA PARTITIONS Table

19.15. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA PLUGINS Table

19.16. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA PROCESSLIST Table

19.17. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA PROFILING Table

19.18. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS Table

19.19. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA ROUTINES Table

19.20. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA SCHEMATA Table

19.21. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA SCHEMA_PRIVILEGES Table

19.22. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA STATISTICS Table

19.23. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TABLES Table

19.24. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TABLESPACES Table

19.25. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TABLE_CONSTRAINTS Table

19.26. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TABLE_PRIVILEGES Table

19.27. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA TRIGGERS Table

19.28. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA USER_PRIVILEGES Table

19.29. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA VIEWS Table

19.30. INFORMATION_SCHEMA Tables for InnoDB

19.30.1. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_CMP and INNODB_CMP_RESET Tables

19.30.2. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_CMP_PER_INDEX and INNODB_CMP_PER_INDEX_RESET Tables

19.30.3. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_CMPMEM and INNODB_CMPMEM_RESET Tables

19.30.4. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_TRX Table

19.30.5. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_LOCKS Table

19.30.6. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_LOCK_WAITS Table

19.30.7. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_TABLES Table

19.30.8. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_INDEXES Table

19.30.9. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_COLUMNS Table

19.30.10. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_FIELDS Table

19.30.11. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_FOREIGN Table

19.30.12. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_FOREIGN_COLS Table

19.30.13. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_TABLESTATS View

19.30.14. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_DATAFILES Table

19.30.15. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_SYS_TABLESPACES Table

19.30.16. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_BUFFER_PAGE Table

19.30.17. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_BUFFER_PAGE_LRU Table

19.30.18. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_BUFFER_POOL_STATS Table

19.30.19. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_METRICS Table

19.30.20. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_FT_CONFIG Table

19.30.21. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_FT_DEFAULT_STOPWORD Table

19.30.22. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_FT_INDEX_TABLE Table

19.30.23. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_FT_INDEX_CACHE Table

19.30.24. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_FT_DELETED Table

19.30.25. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_FT_BEING_DELETED Table

19.30.26. The INFORMATION_SCHEMA INNODB_TEMP_TABLE_INFO Table

19.31. Extensions to SHOW Statements

20. MySQL Performance Schema

20.1. Performance Schema Quick Start

20.2. Performance Schema Configuration

20.2.1. Performance Schema Build Configuration

20.2.2. Performance Schema Startup Configuration

20.2.3. Performance Schema Runtime Configuration

20.3. Performance Schema Queries

20.4. Performance Schema Instrument Naming Conventions

20.5. Performance Schema Status Monitoring

20.6. Performance Schema Atom and Molecule Events

20.7. Performance Schema Statement Digests

20.8. Performance Schema General Table Characteristics

20.9. Performance Schema Table Descriptions

20.9.1. Performance Schema Setup Tables

20.9.2. Performance Schema Instance Tables

20.9.3. Performance Schema Wait Event Tables

20.9.4. Performance Schema Stage Event Tables

20.9.5. Performance Schema Statement Event Tables

20.9.6. Performance Schema Connection Tables

20.9.7. Performance Schema Connection Attribute Tables

20.9.8. Performance Schema Summary Tables

20.9.9. Performance Schema Miscellaneous Tables

20.10. Performance Schema Option and Variable Reference

20.11. Performance Schema Command Options

20.12. Performance Schema System Variables

20.13. Performance Schema Status Variables

20.14. Performance Schema and Plugins

20.15. Using the Performance Schema to Diagnose Problems

21. Connectors and APIs

21.1. MySQL Connector/ODBC

21.1.1. Connector/ODBC Versions

21.1.2. Connector/ODBC Introduction

21.1.3. Connector/ODBC Installation

21.1.4. Configuring Connector/ODBC

21.1.5. Connector/ODBC Examples

21.1.6. Connector/ODBC Reference

21.1.7. Connector/ODBC Notes and Tips

21.1.8. Connector/ODBC Support

21.2. MySQL Connector/Net

21.2.1. Connector/Net Versions

21.2.2. Connector/Net Installation

21.2.3. Connector/Net Visual Studio Integration

21.2.4. Connector/Net Tutorials

21.2.5. Connector/Net Programming

21.2.6. Connector/Net Connection String Options Reference

21.2.7. Connector/Net Support for Windows Store

21.2.8. EF 5 Support

21.2.9. Connector/Net API Reference

21.2.10. Connector/Net Support

21.2.11. Connector/Net FAQ

21.3. MySQL Connector/J

21.3.1. Overview of MySQL Connector/J

21.3.2. Connector/J Versions

21.3.3. Connector/J Installation

21.3.4. Connector/J Examples

21.3.5. Connector/J (JDBC) Reference

21.3.6. JDBC Concepts

21.3.7. Connection Pooling with Connector/J

21.3.8. Load Balancing with Connector/J

21.3.9. Failover with Connector/J

21.3.10. Using the Connector/J Interceptor Classes

21.3.11. Using Connector/J with Tomcat

21.3.12. Using Connector/J with JBoss

21.3.13. Using Connector/J with Spring

21.3.14. Using Connector/J with GlassFish

21.3.15. Troubleshooting Connector/J Applications

21.3.16. Connector/J Support

21.4. MySQL Connector/C++

21.4.1. How to Get MySQL Connector/C++

21.4.2. Installing MySQL Connector/C++ from a Binary Distribution

21.4.3. Installing MySQL Connector/C++ from Source

21.4.4. Building MySQL Connector/C++ Windows Applications with Microsoft Visual Studio

21.4.5. Building MySQL Connector/C++ Linux Applications with NetBeans

21.4.6. MySQL Connector/C++ Getting Started: Usage Examples

21.4.7. MySQL Connector/C++ Tutorials

21.4.8. MySQL Connector/C++ Debug Tracing

21.4.9. MySQL Connector/C++ Usage Notes

21.4.10. MySQL Connector/C++ Known Bugs and Issues

21.4.11. MySQL Connector/C++ Support

21.5. MySQL Connector/C

21.5.1. MySQL Connector/C Versions

21.5.2. MySQL Connector/C Supported Platforms

21.5.3. MySQL Connector/C Distribution Contents

21.5.4. Installing MySQL Connector/C

21.5.5. Building MySQL Connector/C Applications

21.6. MySQL Connector/Python

21.6.1. Guidelines for Python Developers

21.6.2. Connector/Python Versions

21.6.3. Connector/Python Installation

21.6.4. Connector/Python Coding Examples

21.6.5. Connector/Python Tutorials

21.6.6. Connector/Python Connection Arguments

21.6.7. Connector/Python API Reference

21.7. libmysqld, the Embedded MySQL Server Library

21.7.1. Compiling Programs with libmysqld

21.7.2. Restrictions When Using the Embedded MySQL Server

21.7.3. Options with the Embedded Server

21.7.4. Embedded Server Examples

21.8. MySQL C API

21.8.1. MySQL C API Implementations

21.8.2. Simultaneous MySQL Server and MySQL Connector/C Installations

21.8.3. Example C API Client Programs

21.8.4. Building and Running C API Client Programs

21.8.5. C API Data Structures

21.8.6. C API Function Overview

21.8.7. C API Function Descriptions

21.8.8. C API Prepared Statements

21.8.9. C API Prepared Statement Data Structures

21.8.10. C API Prepared Statement Function Overview

21.8.11. C API Prepared Statement Function Descriptions

21.8.12. C API Threaded Function Descriptions

21.8.13. C API Embedded Server Function Descriptions

21.8.14. C API Client Plugin Functions

21.8.15. Common Questions and Problems When Using the C API

21.8.16. Controlling Automatic Reconnection Behavior

21.8.17. C API Support for Multiple Statement Execution

21.8.18. C API Prepared Statement Problems

21.8.19. C API Prepared Statement Handling of Date and Time Values

21.8.20. C API Support for Prepared CALL Statements

21.9. MySQL PHP API

21.9.1. Overview of the MySQL PHP drivers

21.9.2. Original MySQL API (Mysql)

21.9.3. MySQL Improved Extension (Mysqli)

21.9.4. MySQL Functions (PDO_MYSQL) (MySQL (PDO))

21.9.5. MySQL Native Driver (Mysqlnd)

21.9.6. Mysqlnd replication and load balancing plugin (mysqlnd_ms)

21.9.7. Mysqlnd query result cache plugin (mysqlnd_qc)

21.9.8. Mysqlnd user handler plugin (mysqlnd_uh)

21.9.9. Mysqlnd connection multiplexing plugin (mysqlnd_mux)

21.9.10. Mysqlnd Memcache plugin (mysqlnd_memcache)

21.9.11. Connector/PHP

21.9.12. Common Problems with MySQL and PHP

21.9.13. Enabling Both mysql and mysqli in PHP

21.10. MySQL Perl API

21.11. MySQL Python API

21.12. MySQL Ruby APIs

21.12.1. The MySQL/Ruby API

21.12.2. The Ruby/MySQL API

21.13. MySQL Tcl API

21.14. MySQL Eiffel Wrapper

22. Extending MySQL

22.1. MySQL Internals

22.1.1. MySQL Threads

22.1.2. The MySQL Test Suite

22.2. The MySQL Plugin API

22.2.1. Plugin API Characteristics

22.2.2. Plugin API Components

22.2.3. Types of Plugins

22.2.4. Writing Plugins

22.2.5. MySQL Services for Plugins

22.3. Adding New Functions to MySQL

22.3.1. Features of the User-Defined Function Interface

22.3.2. Adding a New User-Defined Function

22.3.3. Adding a New Native Function

22.4. Debugging and Porting MySQL

22.4.1. Debugging a MySQL Server

22.4.2. Debugging a MySQL Client

22.4.3. The DBUG Package

23. MySQL Enterprise Edition

23.1. MySQL Enterprise Monitor

23.2. MySQL Enterprise Backup

23.3. MySQL Enterprise Security

23.4. MySQL Enterprise Audit

23.5. MySQL Enterprise Thread Pool

24. MySQL Workbench

25. MySQL for Excel

25.1. Installing and Configuring

25.2. Edit MySQL Data

25.3. Import MySQL Data

25.4. Append MySQL Data

25.5. Export MySQL Data

25.6. MySQL for Excel FAQ

A. Licenses for Third-Party Components

A.1. Ant-Contrib License

A.2. ANTLR 3.3 License

A.3. Boost Library License

A.4. Bouncy Castle 1.7 License

A.5. c3p0 JDBC Library License

A.6. dtoa.c License

A.7. Editline Library (libedit) License

A.8. Facebook Fast Checksum Patch License

A.9. Facebook Patches License

A.10. FindGTest.cmake License

A.11. Fred Fish's Dbug Library License

A.12. getarg License

A.13. GLib License (for MySQL Proxy)

A.14. GNU General Public License Version 2.0, June 1991

A.15. GNU General Public License Version 3.0, 29 June 2007 and GCC Runtime Library Exception Version 3.1, 31 March 2009

A.16. GNU Lesser General Public License Version 2.1, February 1999

A.17. GNU Libtool License

A.18. GNU Readline License

A.19. GNU Standard C++ Library (libstdc++) License

A.20. Google Controlling Master Thread I/O Rate Patch License

A.21. Google Perftools (TCMalloc utility) License

A.22. Google SMP Patch License

A.23. jboss-common-jdbc-wrapper.jar License

A.24. lib_sql.cc License

A.25. Libaio License

A.26. libevent License

A.27. Libiconv License

A.28. libintl License

A.29. Linux-PAM License

A.30. LPeg Library License

A.31. Lua (liblua) License

A.32. LuaFileSystem Library License

A.33. md5 (Message-Digest Algorithm 5) License

A.34. memcached License

A.35. mkpasswd.pl License

A.36. nt_servc (Windows NT Service class library) License

A.37. OpenPAM License

A.38. OpenSSL v1.0 License

A.39. PCRE License

A.40. Percona Multiple I/O Threads Patch License

A.41. Red HAT RPM Spec File License

A.42. RegEX-Spencer Library License

A.43. RFC 3174 - US Secure Hash Algorithm 1 (SHA1) License

A.44. Richard A. O'Keefe String Library License

A.45. SHA-1 in C License

A.46. Simple Logging Facade for Java (SLF4J) License

A.47. Unicode Data Files

A.48. zlib License

A.49. ZLIB.NET License

B. MySQL 5.7 Frequently Asked Questions

B.1. MySQL 5.7 FAQ: General

B.2. MySQL 5.7 FAQ: Storage Engines

B.3. MySQL 5.7 FAQ: Server SQL Mode

B.4. MySQL 5.7 FAQ: Stored Procedures and Functions

B.5. MySQL 5.7 FAQ: Triggers

B.6. MySQL 5.7 FAQ: Views

B.7. MySQL 5.7 FAQ: INFORMATION_SCHEMA

B.8. MySQL 5.7 FAQ: Migration

B.9. MySQL 5.7 FAQ: Security

B.10. MySQL 5.7 FAQ: MySQL Cluster

B.11. MySQL 5.7 FAQ: MySQL Chinese, Japanese, and KoreanCharacter Sets

B.12. MySQL 5.7 FAQ: Connectors & APIs

B.13. MySQL 5.7 FAQ: Replication

C. Errors, Error Codes, and Common Problems

C.1. Sources of Error Information

C.2. Types of Error Values

C.3. Server Error Codes and Messages

C.4. Client Error Codes and Messages

C.5. Problems and Common Errors

C.5.1. How to Determine What Is Causing a Problem

C.5.2. Common Errors When Using MySQL Programs

C.5.3. Installation-Related Issues

C.5.4. Administration-Related Issues

C.5.5. Query-Related Issues

C.5.6. Optimizer-Related Issues

C.5.7. Table Definition-Related Issues

C.5.8. Known Issues in MySQL

D. Restrictions and Limits

D.1. Restrictions on Stored Programs

D.2. Restrictions on Condition Handling

D.3. Restrictions on Server-Side Cursors

D.4. Restrictions on Subqueries

D.5. Restrictions on Views

D.6. Restrictions on XA Transactions

D.7. Restrictions on Character Sets

D.8. Restrictions on Performance Schema

D.9. Restrictions on Pluggable Authentication

D.10. Limits in MySQL

D.10.1. Limits of Joins

D.10.2. Limits on Number of Databases and Tables

D.10.3. Limits on Table Size

D.10.4. Limits on Table Column Count and Row Size

D.10.5. Limits Imposed by .frm File Structure

D.10.6. Windows Platform Limitations

MySQL Glossary

General Index

C Function Index

Command Index

Function Index

INFORMATION_SCHEMA Index

Join Types Index

Operator Index

Option Index

Privileges Index

SQL Modes Index

Statement/Syntax Index

System Variable Index

Status Variable Index

Transaction Isolation Level Index